Transcriber’s Notes: Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. [Illustration: The human skeleton (Lewis).] STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS _of_ THE BODY A HAND-BOOK OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES AND OTHERS DESIRING A PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT BY ANNETTE FISKE, A. M. GRADUATE OF THE WALTHAM TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES _ILLUSTRATED_ PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY 1911 Copyright, 1911, by W. B. Saunders Company PRINTED IN AMERICA PRESS OF W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY PHILADELPHIA TO MY FATHER and TO DR. ALFRED WORCESTER as those who have perhaps most helped me in the formation and realization of my ideals this book is affectionately dedicated PREFACE. Although there are already in existence many books on anatomy and physiology for nurses, none with which I am acquainted has seemed to me to provide in concise form just the knowledge needed by the nurse in her profession. Most of them, moreover, separate the anatomy from the physiology and all treat the different systems of tissues separately, first the bones, then the muscles, and so on. These defects, as they seem to me, I have attempted to correct not only by weaving the physiology in with the anatomy, but by treating first the general structures found throughout the body and then describing the structure and function of each part in detail. Thus, the first chapter is devoted to a description of the general structure of all the tissues, a separate chapter being devoted, however, to the skin, its appendages, and function, including the sense of touch. Then the head with its bones, muscles, and organs of special sense is described, while the brain is treated with the rest of the nervous system, thus forming the connecting link between the head and the body. In the same way the back, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and extremities are taken up in turn and the bones, muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, and special organs of each, together with their functions, described. Although written more particularly for nurses I am in hopes that this book may prove useful to any others who may desire to acquire a practical knowledge of anatomy and physiology.