108 _Jerusalem_, in Mendelssohn’s _Sämmtliche Werke_ (Vienna, 1838), especially from p. 264 onwards, and a letter by him published in Frankel‐Graetz’s _Monatsschrift_, 1859, p. 173. For Mendelssohn’s position, see Graetz’s _Geschichte_, xi. 86 _seq._, especially p. 88 and note 1; Kayserling, _Leben und Werke_ of M., 2d ed., p. 394; Steinheim, _Moses Mendelssohn_ (Hamburg, 1840), p. 30 _seq._; Holdheim, _Moses Mendelssohn_ (Berlin, 1859), p. 18 _seq._; Leopold Löw’s pamphlet, _Jüdische Dogmen_ (Pesth, 1871). 109 See the Commentaries on Maimonides’ סשר המצות, especially R. Simeon Duran’s זוהר הרקיע; cf. also ancient and modern commentaries on Exod. xx. 2. 110 See _Siphra_ (ed. Weiss), pp. 86_b_, 93_b_. 111 _Baba Bathra_, 14_b_; cf. Fürst’s _Kanon_, p. 15. 112 See _Sanhedrin_, 38_b_, and _Pseudo‐Jonathan_ to Gen. iv. 8. 113 _Mechilta_, 33_b_. 114 אפיקורוס, Lat. Epicurus. 115 See _Mishnah_, _Sanhedrin_, x. e, § 1, and Talmud, _ibid._ 90_a_ and _b_, and Rabbinowicz’s _Variae Lectiones_, ix. p. 247 notes. Besides the ordinary commentaries on the Talmud, account must also be taken of the remarks of Crescas, Duran, Albo, and Abarbanel on the subject. Cf. also Kämpf in the _Monatsschrift_ (1863), p. 144 _seq._; Oppenheim, _ibid._ (1864), p. 144; Friedmann in the _Beth Talmud_, i. p. 210 _seq._ See also Talmudical Dictionaries, _s.v._ אפיקורום. The explanation I have adopted agrees partly with Friedmann’s and partly with Oppenheim’s views. 116 _Sayings of the Fathers_, iii. § 9, and iv. § 22. 117 See אדרת אליהו (Jovslow, 1835), p. 48. In my exposition of the dogmas of the Caraites I have mainly followed the late Dr. Frankl’s article “Karaiten” in Ersch u. Gruber’s _Encyclopädie_ (sec. ii. vol. xxxvi. pp. 12‐18). See also his _Ein mutazilitischer Kalam_ and his _Beiträge zur Literaturgeschichte der Karäer_ (Berlin, 1887) on Bashazi. Cf. also Jost’s _Geschichte_, ii. c. 13. 118 Kairowan was one of the greatest centres of Jewish learning in North Africa during that period. 119 See, however, Professor D. Kaufmann’s note in the _Jewish Quarterly Review_, i. p. 441. From this it would seem that the creed of R. Judah Hallevi may be formulated in the following articles:—The conviction of the existence of God, of His eternity, of His guidance of our fathers, of the Divine Origin of the Law, and of the proof of all this, the pledge or token of its truth, the exodus from Egypt. 120 אמונה רמה, _Emunah Ramah_, pp. 44 and 69; cf. Gulmann, _Monatsschrift_, 1878, p. 304.