223 Since then edited by the Mekize Nirdamim. 224 Eve of the last day of the Feast of Tabernacles. 225 ששח סדרים. ש֜֜ם. 226 ברייתה. 227 פאה. 228 ילקות, Yalkut. 229 חזית. 230 ישוהר נשב. 231 ויסען. 232 ילמרנו והזחיר. 233 רעיא מחימנא. 234 עמק המלך, משנה למלך, מגיד משנה, משנה תורה, ששר המלך. 235 ח֜֜ם שאל. 236 חד גדיא לא ישראל. 237 שני לוחות הכרית. ש֜֜לה. 238 The main authorities on the subjects of this essay are _Die Lebensalter_, by Dr. Leopold Löw; _The Jewish Rite of Circumcision_, by Dr. Asher; an article by Dr. Perles in the Graetz _Jubelschrift_, p. 23 _seq._; _Merkwürdigkeiten der Juden_, by Schudt; the מקורי המנהגים and other works on ritual customs; Güdemann’s _Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der Juden_; and _Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker_, by Dr. Ploss. 239 אמתי, אמת. 240 לילית, Is. xxxiv. 14. 241 See above, note 39 to Nachmanides. [Transcriber’s Note: The footnote on _Shema_.] 242 ברית מילה, “Covenant of Circumcision.” This is the usual expression in Hebrew literature for the rite of circumcision. 243 שלום זכר. 244 גוזר, מוהל. 245 פדיון הבן. 246 הקת תהורה, on educational matters. 247 סחורה, “business,” or “wares.” 248 I am indebted for the English adaptation to Mrs. Henry Lucas. 249 _Bereshith Rabbah_, chapter xx. For another reading see ראשית הכמה (ed. Cracow), p. 374. 250 _Abodah Zarah_, 3_b_. 251 This is the way in which Deut. xxxi. 10‐12 was explained. 252 סופרים, “Scribes”; treating of the regulations concerning the writing of the Law, but containing also much liturgical matter. 253 סשרדים, by which name the Jews of the Spanish rite are designated. 254 נצראן ישן, a controversial work published by Wagenseil. See above, p. 203, for another victory. 255 סנדלפון, who is probably known to the English reader from Longfellow’s poem. 256 בר מצוה. 257 קידוש, “Sanctification”—“benediction”—on the eve of Sabbath, which is pronounced over a cup of wine. 258 שמכת תורה, or on the 23rd of Tishri, when the last portion from the Pentateuch is read. 259 הלל, “Praise,” _i.e._ Ps. cxiii.‐cxviii. 260 קדִש, the name of a prayer commencing יתגדל ויתקדש, “Magnified and sanctified be,” etc. 261 Prayer beginning ברכו, “Bless ye,” etc. 262 ברוך שאמר, beginning of a prayer, “Blessed be He,” etc. 263 See Schürer’s _Die Gemeindeverfassung der Juden in Rom_, p. 24. Cf. _Hebräische Bibliographie_, xix. p. 79. 264 זבאת. 265 תהנות. 266 מעבר יכק. 267 יעמוד. In olden times the weekly lesson from the Law used to be read by seven members of the congregation who were “called up” for this purpose; the Priest and the Levite took precedence of laymen for this honour. At the present day, the members of the congregation are still called up, but the actual reading is performed by an official.