[79]Cf. Jude 23. Cf. also James 1:27 and 2 Peter 2:13. One thinks of the smoke and soot of slander, besmirching all that it touches. [80]Seneca (Ep. XIII. 2. 25) says: _Non nascitur itaque ex malo bonun, non magis quam ficus ex olea._ [81]Cf. Jude 19. See also 1 Cor. 15:45 for a distinction between these words. [82]The verb means to distinguish, but the resultant idea is extremely variable. [83]The Vulgate has _sine simulatione_. The Greek word is used of the actor’s mask and then for mere imitation, hypocrisy. [84]See both terms also in 4 Macc. 5:23. See also Philo, M. 1, p. 445. [85]Cf. Swete, _Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek_, ed. H. St. John Thackeray (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), p. 567. [86]See Robertson, _Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research_, _op. cit._, p. 805. In prayer one must seek with passion. Since the middle voice denotes more earnestness, it is quite frequent in the papyri. [87]The cosmos was originally “order.” The order and beauty of God’s world are attractive to the right-minded man (Rom. 1:20). It is applied to the people of the earth (John 1:29) and then to the believers who are alienated from God (John 8:23; 12:31), to this world which the devil rules (John 14:30; 1 John 5:19), whose spirit is hostile to that of Christ (1 Cor. 2:12), against which James has already (1:25) warned his readers. [88]Moulton and Milligan, _op. cit._, p. 2. [89]Westcott and Hort read in the margin, “the things of the to-morrow day.” [90]At harvest time there is always special demand for laborers at higher wages than usual, to save the ripe grain before it perishes. [91]Note Heb. 4:1. The word occurs in the papyri for “a bath insufficiently warmed.” [92]Eusebius, H. E. ii. 23 (taken from Hegesippus). [93]Deissmann, _Bible Studies: Contributions Chiefly from Papyri and Inscriptions_ (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901), p. 198. [94]Plummer notes that the Epistle of James shows more coincidences with the words of Jesus than all of Paul’s epistles and that all of them deal with the morality of the gospel, with conduct and life. This is all as the circumstances would lead us to expect. [95]The use of the present imperative in prohibition rather than the aorist subjunctive implies that the thing was being done. That is probably true, for church members have been known to be guilty of this sin. However, it is possible for this tense to prohibit the habit rather than the single act. “Keep on not swearing.” See Robertson, _Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research_, _op. cit._, pp. 851-54. [96]Deissmann, _Bible Studies: Contributions Chiefly from Papyri and Inscriptions_, _op. cit._, pp. 154 f., 233 f.