The list of works containing anatomical descriptions available to a German writer in the early Middle Ages is not long. Avicenna was hardly yet accessible, and only such scraps of Galen as appear in Constantine and the Salernitans. The available works may be enumerated thus: (_a_) The short _Anatomia porci_ of Copho of Salerno, dating from about 1085.[95] (_b_) An anonymous Salernitan anatomy,[96] written about 1100 and largely based on Copho and Constantine. (_c_) The _Liber de humana natura_ of Constantine the African, written probably between 1070 and 1085 at Monte Cassino.[97] (_d_) Constantine’s _De communibus medico cognitu necessariis locis_, written about the same time as the above.[98] This work is in four books, of which the second, third, and fourth are devoted to anatomy and physiology. (_e_) Here may be placed also Constantine’s translation of the _Viaticum_ of Isaac Judeus. Both these latter works of Constantine are long and technical, and designed for the use of the trained physician. In addition to these there was in the Middle Ages a definite anatomic tradition, which expressed itself constantly in: (_f_) A series of five anatomical diagrams representing respectively the arteries, veins, bones, nerves, and muscles[99] (see Plate XXXIII, opposite page 92 of the present volume). These diagrams were copied in the most servile fashion for centuries, and something very like them has remained in use to this day in Tibet.[100] The versions, whether in Persia or England, in Germany or Italy, were remarkably uniform. (_g_) In several MSS. there has been found attached to these remarkable diagrams a short text describing the five systems, arteries, veins, nerves, bones, and muscles. This text, however, purporting to be from Galen, has little relation to the figures, which it does not really explain, and it should therefore be regarded as a separate work.[101] [Illustration: From WIESBADEN CODEX B fo. 22 r Plate XIX. BIRTH. THE ARRIVAL AND TRIALS OF THE SOUL] [Illustration: From WIESBADEN CODEX B fo. 25 r Plate XX. DEATH. THE DEPARTURE AND FATE OF THE SOUL]