In the second century the physician Aretæus, writing at Rome, remarks: "In many cases, owing to involuntary restraint from modesty at assemblies, and at banquets, the bladder becomes distended, and from the consequent loss of its contractile power, it no longer evacuates the urine." (_On the Causes and Symptoms of Acute Diseases_, Book II, Chapter X.) Apuleius, writing in the second century, says: "Most women, in order to exhibit their native gracefulness and allurements, divest themselves of all their garments, and long to show their naked beauty, being conscious that they shall please more by the rosy redness of their skin than by the golden splendor of their robes." (Thomas Taylor's translation of _Metamorphosis_, p. 28.) Christianity seems to have profoundly affected habits of thought and feeling by uniting together the merely natural emotion of sexual reserve with, on the one hand, the masculine virtue of modesty--_modestia_--and, on the other, the prescription of sexual abstinence. Tertullian admirably illustrates this confusion, and his treatises _De Pudicitia_ and _De Cultu Feminarum_ are instructive from the present point of view. In the latter he remarks (Book II, Chapter I): "Salvation--and not of women only, but likewise of men--consists in the exhibition, principally, of modesty. Since we are all the temple of God, modesty is the sacristan and priestess of that temple, who is to suffer nothing unclean or profane to enter it, for fear that the God who inhabits it should be offended.... Most women, either from simple ignorance or from dissimulation, have the hardihood so to walk as if modesty consisted only in the integrity of the flesh, and in turning away from fornication, and there were no need for anything else,--in dress and ornament, the studied graces of form,--wearing in their gait the self-same appearance as the women of the nations from whom the sense of _true_ modesty is absent."