The early stages of Greek _paiderastia_ are very interestingly studied by Bethe, "Die Dorische Knabenliebe," _Rheinisches Museum für Philologie_, 1907. J.A. Symonds's essay on the later aspects of _paiderastia_, especially as reflected in Greek literature, _A Problem in Greek Ethics_, is contained in the early German edition of the present study, but (though privately printed in 1883 by the author in an edition of twelve copies and since pirated in another private edition) it has not yet been published in English. _Paiderastia_ in Greek poetry has also been studied by Paul Brandt, _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vols. viii and ix (1906 and 1907), and by Otto Knapp (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. iii, pp. 254-260) who seeks to demonstrate the sensual side of _paiderastia_. On the other hand, Licht, working on somewhat the same lines as Bethe (_Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft_, August, 1908), deals with the ethical element in _paiderastia_, points out its beneficial moral influence, and argues that it was largely on this ground that it was counted sacred. Licht has also published a learned study of _paiderastia_ in Attic comedy (_Anthropophyteia_, vol. vii, 1910), and remarks that "without _paiderastia_ Greek comedy is unthinkable." _Paiderastia_ in the Greek anthology has been fully explored by P. Stephanus (_Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ix, 1908, p. 213). Kiefer, who has studied Socrates in relation to homosexuality (O. Kiefer, "Socrates und die Homosexualität," _Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen_, vol. ix, 1908), concludes that he was bisexual but that his sexual impulses had been sublimated. It may be added that many results of recent investigation concerning _paiderastia_ are summarized by Hirschfeld, _Die Homosexualität_, pp. 747-788, and by Edward Carpenter, _Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk_, 1914, part ii; see also Bloch, _Die Prostitution_, vol. i, p. 232 et seq., and _Der Ursprung der Syphilis_, vol. ii, p. 564. It would appear that almost the only indications outside Greece of _paiderastic_ homosexuality showing a high degree of tenderness and esthetic feeling are to be found in Persian and Arabian literature, after the time of the Abbasids, although this practice was forbidden by the Koran.[22]