[187] The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a sacred or magic fruit (as J.F. Campbell shows, _Popular Tales of West Highlands_, vol. I, p. lxxv. et seq.), and the fruit of the forbidden tree which tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One may perhaps refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and elsewhere the testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a curious proof of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old Portuguese ballad, "Donna Guimar," in which a damsel puts on armour and goes to the wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an orchard, but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning away from the apples plucks a citron. [188] A. Pinard, Art. "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, "Pregnancy and Crime," _American Journal Obstetrics_, December, 1903. [189] See especially Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XXXI. Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the foetus adds Loango negroes, the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese. [190] In 1731 Schurig, in his _Syllepsilogia_, devoted more than a hundred pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds. [191] J.W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in his _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo_, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), _Das Versehen der Frauen_, 1899. Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Préjugés Populaires sur les Envies," _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, June 18, 1891. Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne speaks cautiously. [192] J.G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (_Journal of American Medical Association_, December 9, 1899.) [193] J. Clifton Edgar, _The Practice of Obstetrics_, second edition, 1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American Gynæcological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various eminent gynæcologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less cautiously. (_Transactions of the American Gynæcological Society_, vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data on the question (_Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine_, pp. 81, _et seq._) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions seems fully established. On the other side, see G.W. Cook, _American Journal of Obstetrics_, September, 1889, and H.F. Lewis, ib., July, 1899. [194] _Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society_, vol. xvii, 1892.