Another closely related characteristic of this early childish
sentence-building is the love of antithesis under the form of two
balancing statements. Thus a child will often oppose an affirmative to a
negative statement as a means of bringing out the full meaning of the
former. The boy C., for example, would say, ‘This a nice bow-wow, not
nasty bow-wow’. The little girl M. said, ‘Boo (the name of her cat) dot
(got) tail; poor Babba dot no tail,’ proceeding to search for a tail
under her skirts. This use of a negative statement by way of contrast or
opposition to an affirmative grew in the case of one child aged two
years and two months into a habit of description by negations. Thus an
orange was described by the saying, ‘No, ’tisn’t apple,’ porridge by
‘No, ’tisn’t bread and milk’. It is interesting to note that deaf-mutes
proceed in a similar fashion by way of antithetic negative statement.
Thus one of these expressed the thought, ‘I must love and honour my
teacher,’ by the order, ‘Teacher I beat, deceive, scold no!—I love
honour yes!’[109]
-----
Footnote 109:
A curious example of negative antithesis is given by Perez, _op.
cit._, p. 196. On other analogies between the syntax of children and
of deaf-mutes, see Compayré, _op. cit._, p. 251 f.
-----
These first essays in the construction of sentences illustrate the skill
of the child in eking out his scanty vocabulary by help of a
metaphorical transference of meaning. Taine gives a charming example of
this device. A little girl of eighteen months had acquired the word
‘Coucou’ as used by her mother or nurse when playfully hiding behind a
door or chair, and the expression ‘ça brûle’ as employed to warn her
that her dinner was too hot, or that she must put on her hat in the
garden to keep off the hot sun. One day on seeing the sun disappear
behind a hill she exclaimed, ‘A bûle coucou’.[110]
-----
Footnote 110:
_On Intelligence_, pt. i., bk. i., chap. ii., sect. vi.
-----
It is a fearful moment when the child first tries his hand at
inflections, and, more especially in our language, those of verbs.
Pollock’s child made the attempt, and successfully, at the age of
twenty-two months. Such first essays are probably examples of pure
imitation, the precise forms used having been previously heard from
others. Hence while they show a growing power of thought, of a
differencing of the relations of number and time, they do not involve
verbal construction properly so called. This last appears as soon as the
child carries over his knowledge of particular cases of verbal
inflection and applies it to new words. This involves a nascent
appreciation of the reason or rule according to which words are
modified. The development of this feeling for the general mode of verbal
change underlies all the later advance in correct speaking.
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