Enemies: _The leopard moth_, a wood-boring insect, and the _elm leaf beetle_, a leaf-eating insect, are the two most important enemies of the tree. Their ravages are very extensive. Value for planting: The tree has a character of its own which cannot be duplicated for avenue or lawn planting. Commercial value: The wood is strong and tough and therefore has a special value for cooperage, agricultural implements, carriages, and shipbuilding. Other characters: The _buds_ are small, brown, and smooth, while those of the European elms are covered with down. The _small side twigs_ come out at almost right angles to the larger terminal twigs, which is not the case in other species of elm. [Illustration: FIG. 40.--Leaf of Carolina Poplar.] Other common names: _White elm_. Comparisons: The _English elm_ (_Ulmus campestris_) is also a tall, dignified tree commonly seen under cultivation in America, but may be told from the American species by the difference in their general contour. The branches of the English species spread out but do not arch like those of the American elm, and the bark of the English elm is darker and coarser, Fig. 38. Little tufts of dead twigs along the main branches and trunk of the tree are characteristic of the English elm and will frequently help to distinguish it from the American elm. The _Camperdown elm_ may be recognized readily by its dwarf size and its low drooping umbrella-shaped crown. LOMBARDY OR ITALIAN POPLAR (_Populus nigra, var. italica_) Distinguishing characters: Its *tall, slender, spire-like form* and rigidly *erect branches*, which commence low on the trunk, make this tree very distinct at all seasons of the year. See Fig. 39. Leaf: Triangular in shape, similar to that of the Carolina poplar but smaller, see Fig. 40. Range: Asia, Europe, and North America. Soil and location: The poplar is easily grown in poor soil, in any location, and is very hardy. Value for planting: The tree has a distinctive form which makes it valuable for special landscape effects. It is also used for shelter belts and screening. Like all poplars it is short lived and will stand pruning well. Commercial value: None. [Illustration: FIG. 41.--Carolina Poplar.]