Enemies: The tree is comparatively free from insects and disease except in districts where the Gipsy moth is common, in which case the leaves of the white oak are a favorite food of its caterpillars. [Illustration: FIG. 59.--Bark of Black Oak. (Quercus velutina).] Value for planting: The white oak is one of the most stately trees. Its massive form and its longevity make the tree suitable for both lawn and woodland planting but it is not used much because it is difficult to transplant and grows rather slowly. Commercial value: The wood is of great economic importance. It is heavy, hard, strong and durable and is used in cooperage, construction work, interior finish of buildings and for railroad ties, furniture, agricultural implements and fuel. Comparisons: The _swamp white oak_ (_Quercus platanoides_) is similar to the white oak in general appearance of the bark and form and is therefore liable to be confused with it. It differs from the white oak, however, in possessing a more straggly habit and in the fact that the bark on the under side of its branches shags in loose, large scales. Its buds are smaller, lighter colored and more downy and its acorns are more pointed and with cups more shallow than those of the white oak. The tree also grows in moister ground, generally bordering swamps. [Illustration: FIG. 60.--Leaf and Fruit of Black Oak. (Quercus velutina).] BLACK OAK (_Quercus velutina_) Distinguishing characters: The *bark* is black, rough and cut up into firm *ridges* especially at the base of the tree, see Fig. 59. The _inner bark_ has a _bright yellow color_: the *leaves* have _sharp points_ and are wider at the base than at the tip as shown in Fig. 60. The buds are _large, downy_ and _sharp pointed_. The acorns are small and have deep, scaly cups the inner margins of which are downy. The kernels are yellow and bitter. Form and size: The tree grows in an irregular form to large size, with its branches rather slender as compared with the white oak and with a more open and narrow crown. Range: Eastern North America. Soil and location: It will grow in poor soils but does best where the soil is rich and well drained. Enemies: None of importance. Value for planting: The black oak is the poorest of the oaks for planting and is rarely offered by nurserymen. Commercial value: The wood is heavy, hard and strong, but checks readily and is coarse grained. It is of little value except for fuel. The bark is used for tannin. Other common names: _Yellow oak_.