Grows rapidly into a stately forest tree with a clear tall trunk; wood valuable; requires a fairly moist soil. Use a small tree, plant in the spring, and pay special attention to the protection of the roots in planting. 5. Black locust (_Robinia pseudacacia_) Grows rapidly; adapts itself to poor, sandy soils. The wood is suitable for posts and ties. 6. White ash (_Fraxinus americana_) Grows rapidly; prefers moist situations. Wood valuable. 7. American elm (_Ulmus americana_) Grows rapidly to great height; will not endure too much shade; does best in a deep fertile soil. Wood valuable. 8. European larch (_Larix europaea_) Grows rapidly; prefers moist situations. [Illustration: FIG. 94.--Woodland Trees. Red Oaks.] FOR PLANTING UNDER THE SHADE OF OTHER TREES 9. Beech (_Fagus_) Will stand heavy shade; holds the soil well along banks and steep slopes. Both the American and the English species are desirable. 10. Hemlock (_Tsuga canadensis_) Will stand heavy shade and look effective in winter as well as in summer. 11. Dogwood (_Cornus florida_) Will grow under other trees; flowers beautifully in the spring and colors richly in the fall. 12. Blue beech (_Carpinus caroliniana_) Native to the woodlands of the Eastern States; looks well in spring and fall. TREES BEST FOR SCREENING 1. Hemlock (_Tsuga canadensis_) Will stand shearing and will screen in winter as well as in summer. Plant from 2 to 4 feet apart to form a hedge. 2. Osage orange (_Toxylon pomiferum_) Very hardy. Plant close. 3. English hawthorn (_Crataegus oxyacantha_) Flowers beautifully and grows in compact masses. Plant close. 4. Lombardy poplar (_Populus nigra var. italica_) Forms a tall screen and grows under the most unfavorable conditions. Plant 8 to 12 feet apart. Quality of trees: Trees grown in a nursery are preferable for transplanting to trees grown in the forest. Nursery-grown trees possess a well-developed root system with numerous fibrous rootlets, a straight stem, a symmetrical crown, and a well-defined leader. Trees grown in neighboring nurseries are preferable to those grown at great distances, because they will be better adapted to local climatic and soil conditions. The short distances over which they must be transported also will entail less danger to the roots through drying. For lawn planting, the branches should reach low to the ground, while for street purposes the branches should start at about seven feet from the ground. For street planting, it is also important that the stem should be perfectly straight and about two inches in diameter. For woodland planting, the form of the tree is of minor consideration, though it is well to have the leader well defined here as well as in the other cases. See Fig. 95.