Remedies: There are three ways of combating this insect: First, by _spraying the foliage_ with arsenate of lead in the latter part of May while the beetles are feeding, and repeating the spraying in June when the larvae emerge. The spraying method is the one most to be relied on in fighting this insect. A second, though less important remedy, consists in _destroying the pupae_ when they gather in large quantities at the base of the tree. This may be accomplished by gathering them bodily and destroying them, or by pouring hot water or a solution of kerosene over them. In large trees it may be necessary to climb to the crotches of the main limbs to get some of them. The third remedy lies in gathering and _destroying the adult beetles_ when found in their winter quarters. The application of bands of burlap or "tanglefoot," or of other substances often seen on the trunks of elm trees is useless, since these bands only prevent the larvae from crawling down from the leaves to the base and serve to prevent nothing from crawling up. Scraping the trunks of elm trees is also a waste of effort. [Illustration: FIG. 100.--The Elm Leaf Beetle. (After Dr. E.P. Felt.) 1. Egg cluster, enlarged. 1a. Single egg, greatly enlarged. 2. Young larva, enlarged. 3. Full grown larva, much enlarged. 4. Pupa, enlarged. 5. Overwintered beetle, enlarged. 6. Fresh, brightly colored beetle, enlarged. 7. Under surface of leaf showing larvae feeding. 8. Leaf eaten by larvae. 9. Leaf showing holes eaten by beetles.] THE TUSSOCK MOTH Life history: This insect appears in the form of a red-headed, yellow-colored caterpillar during the latter part of May, and in June and July. The caterpillars surround themselves with silken cocoons and change into pupae. The mature moths emerge from the cocoons after a period of about two weeks, and the females, which are wingless, soon deposit their eggs on the bark of trees, on twigs, fences, and other neighboring objects. These eggs form white clusters of nearly 350 individual eggs each, and are very conspicuous all winter, see Fig. 101. Remedies: There are two ways of combating this insect: (1) By spraying with arsenate of lead for the caterpillars during the latter part of May and early June. (2) By removing and destroying the egg masses in the fall or winter. [Illustration: FIG. 101.--The Tussock Moth. (After Dr. E.P. Felt.) 1. Caterpillar. 2. Male moth. 3. Female moth laying eggs. 4 Cocoons. 5. Cast skins of caterpillar. 6. Work of young caterpillar. 7. Male pupa. 8 and 9. Girdled branches.] THE GIPSY MOTH Life history: This insect, imported from Europe to this country in 1868, has ever since proved a serious enemy of most shade, forest, and fruit trees in the New England States. It even feeds on evergreens, killing the trees by a single defoliation.