Commercial value: The wood is coarse grained and is used for rough lumber, fuel, and charcoal. Other characters: The _fruit_ is a cone one to three inches long, persistent on the tree for several years. THE SCOTCH PINE (_Pinus sylvestris_) Distinguishing characters: There are *two* needles to each cluster, and these are _short_ compared with those of the white pine, and _slightly twisted_; see Fig. 6. The _bark_, especially along the upper portion of the trunk, _is reddish_ in color. Form and size: A medium-sized tree with a short crown. Range: Europe, Asia, and eastern United States. Soil and location: Will do best on a deep, rich, sandy soil, but will also grow on a dry, porous soil. Enemies: In Europe the Scotch pine has several insect enemies, but in America it appears to be free from injury. Value for planting: Suitable for windbreaks and woodland planting. Many excellent specimens may also be found in our parks. Commercial value: In the United States, the wood is chiefly used for fuel, though slightly used for barrels, boxes, and carpentry. In Europe, the Scotch pine is an important timber tree. Comparisons: The Scotch pine is apt to be confused with the _Austrian pine_ (_Pinus austriaca_), because they both have two needles to each cluster. The needles of the Austrian pine, however, are much longer, coarser, straighter, and darker than those of the Scotch pine; Fig. 1. The form of the Austrian pine, too, is more symmetrical and compact. [Illustration: FIG. 6.--Twig of the Scotch Pine.] The _red pine_ (_Pinus resinosa_) is another tree that has two needles to each cluster, but these are much longer than those of the Scotch pine (five to six inches) and are straighter. The bark, which is reddish in color, also differentiates the red pine from the Austrian pine. The position of the cones on the red pine, which point outward and downward at maturity, will also help to distinguish this tree from the Scotch and the Austrian varieties. GROUP II. THE SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK How to tell them from other trees: The spruce and hemlock belong to the evergreen class and may be told from the other trees by their _leaves_. The characteristic leaves of the spruce are shown in Fig. 9; those of the hemlock in Fig. 10. These are much shorter than the needles of the pines but are longer than the leaves of the red cedar or arbor vitae. They are neither arranged in clusters like those of the larch, nor in feathery layers like those of the cypress. They adhere to the tree throughout the year, while the leaves of the larch and cypress shed in the fall.