Transcriber’s Note Italic text displayed as: _italic_ STUDIES OF TREES IN WINTER [Illustration: SWAMP WHITE OAK _Quercus platanoides_] STUDIES _of_ TREES IN WINTER _A Description of the Deciduous Trees of Northeastern America_ BY ANNIE OAKES HUNTINGTON WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY CHARLES S. SARGENT, LL.D. DIRECTOR OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM AND AUTHOR OF THE “SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA” _ILLUSTRATED WITH COLORED PLATES BY MARY S. MORSE, AND PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR_ BOSTON KNIGHT AND MILLET 1902 _Copyright, 1901_ BY KNIGHT AND MILLET FIRST IMPRESSION, DECEMBER, 1901 SECOND IMPRESSION, JANUARY, 1902 TO My Two Friends MY MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY HUNTINGTON AND JEANNETTE WARREN PAYSON _IN TOKEN OF GRATITUDE AND LOVE_ I DEDICATE THIS BOOK CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION xv CHAPTER I. THE STUDY OF TREES IN WINTER 3 Trunk and branches. Stems and twigs. Leaf-scars. Bundle-scars. Buds. II. THE HORSECHESTNUT 15 The Horsechestnut. The Ohio Buckeye. III. THE MAPLES 21 Sugar or Rock Maple. Red or Swamp Maple. White or Silver Maple. Striped Maple or Moosewood. Ash-leaved Maple or Box Elder. Norway Maple. Sycamore Maple. IV. THE ASHES 35 The White or American Ash. Red or Downy Ash. Black Ash. European Ash. V. THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES 45 Butternut. Black Walnut. Shagbark or Shellbark Hickory. Mockernut or Whiteheart Hickory. Bitternut Hickory. Pignut Hickory. VI. THE BIRCHES, HOP HORNBEAM, AND HORNBEAM 59 Canoe, Paper, or White Birch. American, Gray, or White Birch. Black or Sweet Birch. Yellow Birch. Red or River Birch. Dwarf Birch. European White Birch. Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood. Hornbeam, Blue Beech. VII. THE BEECH, CHESTNUT, AND OAKS 77 American Beech. European Beech. Chestnut Oak. White Oak. Swamp White Oak. Mossy-cup, Overcup, or Bur Oak. Chestnut or Rock Chestnut Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Post or Rough Oak. Black Oak. Red Oak. Pin Oak. Scrub Oak. VIII. THE ELMS AND THE HACKBERRY 101 American or White Elm. Slippery or Red Elm. Cork or Rock Elm. English Elm. Scotch, Dutch, or Wych Elm. Hackberry, Sugarberry, Nettle tree. IX. THE BUTTONWOOD, THE TUPELO, AND THE MULBERRIES 117 Buttonwood, Sycamore, or Plane tree. Tupelo, Pepperidge, Sour Gum tree. Flowering Cornel, Flowering Dogwood. Red Mulberry. White Mulberry.