a line repeated elsewhere. On the other hand, the word in some places has undoubtedly a limited meaning only. 6. Again, we find the word Ἀχαίïς γαῖα, used apparently with the intention of signifying the whole Greek country; as in the first Iliad by Nestor; ὦ πόποι, ἢ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαίïδα γαῖα ἱκάνει[643]. 7. And we have the same word Ἀχαίïς without γαῖα, both in the Iliad and the Odyssey. For instance, when Nestor and Ulysses were collecting the Greek forces, they were λαὸν ἀγείροντες κατ’ Ἀχαίïδα πουλυβότειραν[644]. And Ulysses, addressing his mother in the Shades beneath, says, οὐ γάρ πω σχέδον ἦλθον Ἀχαίïδος, οὐδέ πω ἀμῆς γῆς ἐπέβην[645]. To proceed first with what is most clear, I think it may be taken for certain that Ἀχαίïς, with or without the affix γαῖα or αἶα[646], means nothing less than the whole of Greece in the passages where Homer uses this appellative alone. One passage, indeed, taken alone, affords decisive proof for itself that even the islands are included. Telemachus[647] thus describes his mother as unrivalled in Greece: οἵη νῦν οὐκ ἔστι γύνη κατ’ Ἀχαίïδα γαῖαν οὔτε Πύλου ἱερῆς, οὔτ’ Ἄργεος, οὔτε Μυκήνης, οὔτ’ αὐτῆς Ἰθάκης, οὔτ’ ἠπείροιο μελαίνης. For here are clearly enumerated as among the parts of Ἀχαίïς, several Peloponnesian states, the island of Ithaca, and the continent, evidently meaning that to the North of the Corinthian gulf. And yet it may remain true that, though commonly meaning Greece at large, Ἀχαίïς may still have a more special connection with the South, as the whole of this island is called Britain, whereas the name has been derived especially from its southern inhabitants. But in the passages numbered (1) and (3) we find the whole of Greece designated by the use, not of one, but of two expressions: in the first case they are, 1. Ἕλλας. 2. μέσον Ἄργος. In the second they are, 1. Ἄργος. 2. Ἀχαίïς. And with these we may compare the expression, evidently meant to cover all the Greeks, in Il. ii. 530, under the names 1. Πανέλληνες. 2. Ἀχαιοί. Now there are here three ways in which the words may be used so as to convey their joint sense, which I assume to be that of Greece _entire_: viz. 1. That each word should cover a part, the two parts together making up the whole, _i.e._ that the words should be used distributively. 2. That each should cover the whole, and that the words should be used cumulatively. 3. That one of the words should apply to a part of Greece only, and should be overlapped as it were by the other, that other meaning the whole. Now as Ἀχαίïς uniformly means all Greece in eight passages where it stands alone, this will naturally govern its sense in the two passages, where it is joined copulatively with Ἄργος. We shall also hereafter see the local use of the Ἀχαιοὶ so diffused, that it would hardly be possible to suppose any other meaning. Thus, then, we have one point fixed, from which to operate upon others.