the Mississippi River, which have continued to be the subject of dispute between geographical writers. Impressed with the importance of these facts, Governor Cass, of Michigan, projected, in the fall of 1819, an expedition for exploring the regions in question, and presented a memorial to the Secretary of War upon the subject, in which he proposed leaving Detroit the ensuing spring, in Indian canoes, as being best adapted to the navigation of the shallow waters of the upper country, and to the numerous portages which it is necessary to make from stream to stream. The specific objects of this journey were to obtain a more correct knowledge of the names, numbers, customs, history, condition, mode of subsistence, and dispositions of the Indian tribes; to survey the topography of the country, and collect the materials for an accurate map; to locate the site and purchase the ground for a garrison at the foot of Lake Superior; to investigate the subject of the north-western copper mines, lead mines, and gypsum quarries, and to purchase from the Indian tribes such tracts as might be necessary to secure to the United States the ultimate advantages to be derived from them. To accomplish these objects, it was proposed to attach to the expedition a topographical engineer, an astronomer, a physician, and a mineralogist and geologist, and some other scientific observers. Mr. Calhoun not only approved of the proposed plan, but determined to enable the governor to carry it into complete effect, by ordering an escort of soldiers, and enjoining it upon the commandants of the frontier garrisons, to furnish every aid that the exigencies of the party might require, either in men, boats, or supplies. It is only necessary to add, that I was honored with the appointment of mineralogist and geologist to the expedition, in which capacity I kept the following journal. In presenting it to the public, it will not be deemed improper if I acknowledge the obligations which I have incurred in transcribing it, by availing myself of a free access to the valuable library of His Excellency De Witt Clinton, and of the taste and skill of Mr. Henry Inman, in drawing a number of the views which embellish the work. HENRY B. SCHOOLCRAFT. ALBANY, May 14, 1821. PRELIMINARY DOCUMENTS. I. ORIGINAL MEMOIR SUGGESTIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. II. MR. CALHOUN'S LETTER OF SANCTION OF IT. III. EMPLOYMENT OF A MINERALOGIST AND GEOLOGIST. IV. POLICY OF GRANTING PERMITS TO TAKE AWAY MINERALS FROM THE INDIAN COUNTRY. V. A TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEER AND ASTRONOMER ORDERED FROM THE MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT. VI. VII. MILITARY ORDERS OF GENERALS BROWN AND MACOMB. PRELIMINARY DOCUMENTS. I. DETROIT, November 18, 1819.