was overwhelmed and swept away by the invader. [See 晉書, ch. 122, fol. 3 _r_^o, and 歴代紀事年表, ch. 43, fol. 26.] 5. 我可以往彼可以來者爲交地 Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground. This is only a makeshift translation of 交, which according to Ts‘ao Kung stands for 交錯 “ground covered with a network of roads,” like a chess-board. Another interpretation, suggested by Ho Shih, is 交通 “ground on which intercommunication is easy.” In either case, it must evidently be 平原 “flat country,” and therefore 不可杜絶 “cannot be blocked.” Cf. 通形, X. § 2. 6. 諸侯之地三屬先至而得天下之衆者爲衢地 Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, 我與敵相當而旁有他國也 “Our country adjoining the enemy’s and a third country conterminous with both.” [Ts‘ao Kung.] Mêng Shih instances the small principality of 鄭 Chêng, which was bounded on the north-east by 齊 Ch‘i, on the west by 晉 Chin, and on the south by 楚 Ch‘u. so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, 天下 of course stands for the loose confederacy of states into which China was divided under the Chou dynasty. The belligerent who holds this dominating position can constrain most of them to become his allies. See _infra_, § 48. 衆 appears at first sight to be “the masses” or “population” of the Empire, but it is more probably, as Tu Yu says, 諸侯之衆. is ground of intersecting highways. Capt. Calthrop’s “path-ridden ground” might stand well enough for 交地 above, but it does not bring out the force of 衢地, which clearly denotes the central position where important highways meet. 7. 入人之地深背城邑多者爲重地 When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, After 多, the _T‘ung Tien_ intercalates the gloss 難以返. it is serious ground. Wang Hsi explains the name by saying that 兵至此者事勢重也 “when an army has reached such a point, its situation is serious.” Li Ch‘üan instances (1) the victorious march of 樂毅 Yo I into the capital of Ch‘i in 284 B.C., and (2) the attack on Ch‘u, six years later, by the Ch‘in general 白起 Po Ch‘i. 8. 山林險阻沮澤凡難行之道者爲圮地 Mountain forests, Or simply, “forests.” I follow the _T‘u Shu_ in omitting the 行 before 山林, given in the standard text, which is not only otiose but spoils the rhythm of the sentence. rugged steeps, marshes and fens—all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground. 圮 _p‘i_^3 (to be distinguished from 圯 i^4) is defined by K‘ang Hsi (after the _Shuo Wên_) as 毁 “to destroy.” Hence Chia Lin explains 圮地 as ground 經水所毁 “that has been ruined by water passing over it,” and Tu Yu simply as 沮洳之地 “swampy ground.” But Ch‘ên Hao says that the word is specially applied to deep hollows—what Chu-ko Liang, he tells us, used to designate by the expressive term 地獄 “earth-hells.” Compare the 天井 of IX. § 15. 9. 所由入者隘所從歸者迂彼寡可以擊吾之衆者爲圍地