misfortunes arise. The war drags on, and money is spent.” 16. 故曰明主慮之良將修之 Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources. As Sun Tzŭ quotes this jingle in support of his assertion in § 15, we must suppose 修之 to stand for 修其功 or something analogous. The meaning seems to be that the ruler lays plans which the general must show resourcefulness in carrying out. It is now plainer than ever that 修 cannot mean “to reward.” Nevertheless, Tu Mu quotes the following from the 三略, ch. 2: 霸者制士以權結士以 信使士以賞信衰則士疏賞虧則士不用命 “The warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, knits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. If faith decays, there will be disruption; if rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected.” 17. 非利不動非得不用非危不戰 Move not unless you see an advantage; 起, the _Yü Lan’s_ variant for 動, is adopted by Li Ch‘üan and Tu Mu. use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical. Sun Tzŭ may at times appear to be over-cautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the _Tao Tê Ching_, ch. 69: 吾不敢爲主而爲客不敢進寸而退尺 “I dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive; I dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot.” 18. 主不可以怒而興師將不可以愠而致戰 No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique. Again compare Lao Tzŭ, ch. 68: 善戰者不怒. Chang Yü says that 愠 is a weaker word than 怒, and is therefore applied to the general as opposed to the sovereign. The _T‘ung Tien_ and _Yü Lan_ read 軍 for 師, and the latter 合 for 致. 19. 合於利而動不合於利而止 If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are. This is repeated from XI. § 17. Here I feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that § 20 ought to follow immediately on § 18. For 動, the _T‘ung Tien_ and _Yü Lan_ have 用. Capt. Calthrop invents a sentence which he inserts before this one: “Do not make war unless victory may be gained thereby.” While he was about it, he might have credited Sun Tzŭ with something slightly less inane. 20. 怒可以復喜愠可以復悅 Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content. According to Chang Yü, 喜 denotes joy outwardly manifested in the countenance, 悅 the inward sensation of happiness. 21. 亡國不可以復存死者不可以復生 But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; The Wu State was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying. See p. 50. nor can the dead ever be brought back to life. 22. 故明君愼之良將警之此安國全軍之道也 Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution.