警, which usually means “to warn,” is here equal to 戒. This is a good instance of how Chinese characters, which stand for ideas, refuse to be fettered by dictionary-made definitions. The _T‘u Shu_ reads 故曰, as in § 16. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact. It is odd that 全軍 should not have the same meaning here as in III. § 1, _q.v._ This has led me to consider whether it might not be possible to take the earlier passage thus: “to preserve your own army (country, regiment, etc.) intact is better than to destroy the enemy’s.” The two words do not appear in the _T‘ung Tien_ or the _Yü Lan_. Capt. Calthrop misses the point by translating: “then is the state secure, and the army victorious in battle.” XIII. 用間篇 THE USE OF SPIES. 間 is really a vulgar form of 閒, and does not appear in the _Shuo Wên_. In practice, however, it has gradually become a distinct character with special meanings of its own, and I have therefore followed my edition of the standard text in retaining this form throughout the chapter. In VI. § 25, on the other hand, the correct form 閒 will be found. The evolution of the meaning “spy” is worth considering for a moment, provided it be understood that this is very doubtful ground, and that any dogmatism is out of place. The _Shuo Wên_ defines 閒 as 隟 (the old form of 隙) “a crack” or “chink,” and on the whole we may accept 徐鍇 Hsü Ch‘ieh’s analysis as not unduly fanciful: 夫門夜閉閉而見月光是有閒隟也 “At night, a _door_ is shut; if, when it is shut, the light of the _moon_ is visible, it must come through a _chink_.” From this it is an easy step to the meaning “space between,” or simply “between,” as for example in the phrase 往來閒諜 “to act as a secret spy between enemies.” Here 諜 is the word which means “spy;” but we may suppose that constant association so affected the original force of 閒, that 諜 could at last be dropped altogether, leaving 閒 to stand alone with the same signification. Another possible theory is that the word may first have come to mean 覗 “to peep” (see 博雅, quoted in _K‘ang Hsi_) which would naturally be suggested by “crack” or “crevice,” and afterwards the man who peeps, or spy. 1. 孫子曰凡興師十萬出兵千里百姓之費公家之奉日費千金內外騷動怠於道路不得操事者 七十萬家 Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. Cf. II. §§ 1, 13, 14. There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on the highways.