Capt. Calthrop unaccountably omits this vivid simile, which, as Ts‘ao Kung says, is taken from the spectacle of an army of ants climbing a wall. The meaning is that the general, losing patience at the long delay, may make a premature attempt to storm the place before his engines of war are ready. with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege. We are reminded of the terrible losses of the Japanese before Port Arthur, in the most recent siege which history has to record. The _T‘ung Tien_ reads 不勝心之忿 ... 則殺士卒 ... 攻城之災. For 其忿 the _Yü Lan_ has 心怒. Capt. Calthrop does not translate 而城不拔者, and mistranslates 此攻之災. 6. 故善用兵者屈人之兵而非戰也拔人之城而非攻也毁人之國而非久也 Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field. Chia Lin notes that he only overthrows the 國, that is, the Government, but does no harm to individuals. The classical instance is Wu Wang, who after having put an end to the Yin dynasty was acclaimed “Father and mother of the people.” 7. 必以全爭於天下故兵不頓而利可全此謀攻之法也 With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. Owing to the double meanings of 兵, 頓 [= 鈍] and 利, the latter part of the sentence is susceptible of quite a different meaning: “And thus, the weapon not being blunted by use, its keenness remains perfect.” Chang Yü says that 利 is “the advantage of a prosperous kingdom and a strong army.” This is the method of attacking by stratagem. 8. 故用兵之法十則圍之五則攻之倍則分之 It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; Straightaway, without waiting for any further advantage. if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.