That this is the meaning, may be gathered from Tu Mu’s note: 開土拓境則分割與有功者. The 三略 gives the same advice: 𫉬地裂之. 廓 means “to enlarge” or “extend”—at the expense of the enemy, understood. Cf. _Shih Ching_, III. 1. vii. 1: 憎其式廓 “hating all the great States.” Ch‘ên Hao also says 屯兵種蒔 “quarter your soldiers on the land, and let them sow and plant it.” It is by acting on this principle, and harvesting the lands they invaded, that the Chinese have succeeded in carrying out some of their most memorable and triumphant expeditions, such as that of 班超 Pan Ch‘ao who penetrated to the Caspian, and in more recent years, those of 福康安 Fu-k‘ang-an and 左宗棠 Tso Tsung-t‘ang. 21. 懸權而動 Ponder and deliberate Note that both these words, like the Chinese 懸權, are really metaphors derived from the use of scales. before you make a move. Chang Yü quotes 尉繚子 as saying that we must not break camp until we have gauged the resisting power of the enemy and the cleverness of the opposing general. Cf. the “seven comparisons” in I. § 13. Capt. Calthrop omits this sentence. 22. 先知迂直之計者勝此軍爭之法也 He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. See _supra_, §§ 3, 4. Such is the art of manœuvring. With these words, the chapter would naturally come to an end. But there now follows a long appendix in the shape of an extract from an earlier book on War, now lost, but apparently extant at the time when Sun Tzŭ wrote. The style of this fragment is not noticeably different from that of Sun Tzŭ himself, but no commentator raises a doubt as to its genuineness. 23. 軍政曰言不相聞故爲金鼓視不相見故爲旌旗 The Book of Army Management says: It is perhaps significant that none of the earlier commentators give us any information about this work. Mei Yao-ch‘ên calls it 軍之舊典 “an ancient military classic,” and Wang Hsi, 古軍書 “an old book on war.” Considering the enormous amount of fighting that had gone on for centuries before Sun Tzŭ’s time between the various kingdoms and principalities of China, it is not in itself improbable that a collection of military maxims should have been made and written down at some earlier period. On the field of battle, Implied, though not actually in the Chinese. the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. I have retained the words 金鼓 of the original text, which recur in the next paragraph, in preference to the other reading 鼓鐸 “drums and bells,” which is found in the _T‘ung Tien_, _Pei T‘ang Shu Ch‘ao_ and _Yü Lan_. 鐸 is a bell with a clapper. See _Lun Yü_ III. 24, _Chou Li_ XXIX. 15, 29. 金 of course would include both gongs and bells of every kind. The _T‘u Shu_ inserts a 之 after each 爲. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags. 24. 夫金鼓旌旗者所以一民之耳目也 Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host