Surgery, with Special Reference to PodiatryStern, Maximilian
Science
Surgery, with Special Reference to Podiatry
Stern, Maximilian
Foot -- Surgery; Surgery
+Total Dislocation of the Astragalus.+ This form of dislocation is much
more frequent than those of the ankle joint proper, or of the
articulation between the astragalus, calcaneus, and scaphoid. The
displacement of the astragalus may occur in one of six directions:
forward; outward and forward; inward and forward; inward; backward,
and by rotation.
The most frequent variety is the “outward and forward.” In this
variety the foot is rotated markedly inward and the external malleolus
is very prominent. The foot is in a clubfoot position. The dislocated
astragalus can be felt as an irregular angular bone just below the
external malleolus.
+Treatment+ is the same as in subastragaloid dislocations.
+Dislocation of the Metatarsal Bones.+ This may be either complete or
incomplete at Lisfranc’s joint. It occurs most often in an upward
direction. The dorsum of the foot is more convex than normal, while
the sole of the foot is flattened. One can see and feel the displaced
ends (upper) of the metatarsals on the dorsum of the foot. The foot is
shortened and the toes point inward.
Dislocations of the individual metatarsal bones are much rarer. The
middle ones are displaced upward, and the first and fifth, inward and
outward respectively.
+Dislocation of the Toes.+ This occurs most often in the
metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe after forcible flexion. The
dislocation may be complete or incomplete. In the former case, the
proximal end of the first phalanx and the dorsum of the foot are
prominent, and the head of the metatarsal bone projects on the sole of
the foot. The reduction of toe dislocations presents no difficulties.
+SPRAINS+
+Definition.+ A sprain is a joint wrench due to a sudden twist or
traction, the ligaments being pulled upon or lacerated and the
surrounding parts being more or less damaged.
+Sprains of the Ankle.+ On account of its flexibility and constant use
in weight-bearing, the ankle is the joint most frequently sprained.
Sprains are common in a limb with weak muscles; in a deformed
extremity in which the muscles act in unnatural lines, and in a joint
with relaxed ligaments.
A joint, once sprained, is very liable to a repetition of the damage
from slight force.
+Symptoms.+ The symptoms manifested in a sprain are as follows: severe
pain in the joint; nausea and sometimes syncope; impairment, or loss
of motion; severe pain upon motion; early swelling if hemorrhage is
severe—in any case swelling begins in a few hours; movement of the
joint becomes difficult or impossible; the tear in the ligament may
be distinctly felt; in a day or two pain and tenderness become intense
and discoloration becomes marked.
+Diagnosis.+ Usually the diagnosis is easy to make, but in all doubtful
cases an X-ray picture should be taken in order to be certain that a
fracture does not exist.
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