In connection with the subject of the antiquity of Teutonic names generally, and of English names as derived from them, I shall have, in a subsequent chapter, to refer to the names of original settlers in England as deduced by Kemble from ancient charters, and compare them with names of a similar kind found in Germany. The coincidence that will be found in these names at that early period, from England and Friesland in the north to Bavaria in the south, will, I think, be a very strong argument to show that these names could not have originated within the Teutonic area itself, and so dispersed themselves over it in its length and breadth, but that they must have been brought with them by the Teutonic invaders from their earlier homes. FOOTNOTES: [1] From the old Saxon fragment called the "Traveller's Song." Hnaf is no doubt from the Ang.-Sax. _cnafa_, _cnapa_, son, boy, the Anglo-Saxons often representing _c_ by a (no doubt aspirated) _h_. [2] Stark also adduces an instance in the eleventh century of Buggo as a contraction of Burchard. [3] So at least Foerstemann seems to think, observing that we can scarcely derive it from Maur, Æthiops, English "Moor." Nevertheless, seeing the long struggle between the Teutons and the Moors in Spain, it seems to me that such a derivation would be quite in accordance with Teutonic practice. See some remarks on the general subject at the end of Chapter IV. [4] So that we may take it that Virgilius, as the name of a Scot who became bishop of Salzburg in the time of Boniface, was his own genuine Celtic name, and not derived from that of the Roman poet. [5] This name, that of a prince of the Batavi, is considered by the Germans to be properly Hariovalda, from _har_, army, and hence is another instance of an initial _h_ being represented among the Romans by a _c_. The name is the same as the Anglo-Saxon Harald, and as our present name _Harold_. [6] For this explanation of _vertragus_ I am indebted to Gluck. [7] There was an English admiral of this name, though I do not know of it at present. CHAPTER II. CLUE TO SOME OF THE ANCIENT FORMS REPRESENTED IN ENGLISH NAMES. So long as our surnames are treated as if each name were something standing apart by itself, very little progress can be made in their elucidation; it is by collation and comparison that, in this as in any other science, definite results are to be obtained. And a moderate amount of attention to the forms in which these names appear, and to the various endings prevalent among them, will enable many names, otherwise unrecognisable, to be brought within the pale of classification and of possible explanation. I am of course referring to that portion of our surnames--a much larger one according to my judgment than is generally acknowledged--which dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and so forms a part of the general system by which Teutonic names are governed.