Olvir Rosta; grandson of Frakark; aid sought by earl Ragnvald; defeated in sea fight; burned Sweyn's father, Olaf; fled before Sweyn and not heard of afterwards; no direct heirs; his contemporary, Freskyn I; supposed ancestor of Macaulays. Orcades, of Torfaeus; for transl. see Pope, Alex. Ord of Caithness; king William marched his army to, against earl Harald; Man of. Origines Parochiales Scotiae. Orkney; St. Kentigern's mission; Picts; influence of Gael on Norse; foundation of Norse earldom; earls' attacks on north of Scotland; succession of earls; converted by Olaf Tryggvi's son; under Norway; first cathedral and bishop's seat at Birsay; double bishops; a contingent in expedition against Saxons; trade with Grimsby; the bishops; Sweyn's viking life; agriculture; invasion of earl Harald Ungi; earl Harold Maddadson, after defeat by Ragnvald Gudrodson, fled to; Cobbie Row Castle, in; the gaedingar of the earl of Orkney; king Hakon at; and died in Kirkwall, in the palace of bishop; mortgaged to Scotland; adopted English with many Norse words; old Norse ballad sung in 18th cent.; proposed Scot. conquest after Norse reverse at Largs; annular eclipse of sun in 1263; Orkney and Shetland colonised mainly from the fjords north of Bergen; see also Orkney and Caithness, earls of. Orkney and Caithness, earls of; (see also under their individual names); Ragnvald; Sigurd Eysteinson; Guthorm Sigurdson; Hallad Ragnvaldson; Torf-Einar Ragnvaldson; Arnkell, Erlend and Thorfinn Hausa-kliufr, sons of Torf-Einar; Arnfinn, Havard, Hlodver, Ljot and Skuli, sons of Thorfinn; Sigurd Hlodverson; Somarled, Brusi, Einar and Thorfinn, sons of Sigurd; Ragnvald Brusi's son; Paul Thorfinnson; Erlend Thorfinnson; Sigurd Magnusson, son of k. Magnus Barelegs; Hakon Paulson; St. Magnus Erlendson; Paul Hakonson the Silent; Harald Hakonson Slettmali; Erlend Haraldson; St. Ragnvald Kolson; Harald Ungi; Harold Maddadson; David Haroldson; John Haroldson; no pedigree of earls after John; diploma of earls unreliable; various theories as to genealogy of the earls after John; no claim to earldom of Orkney by Johanna of Strathnaver; diploma on earldom of Sutherland; Malcolm, earl of C. and Angus; Magnus II, son of Gilchrist, earl of Angus; Gibbon; Magnus III Gibbonson; Malise II, heir of Matilda, dau. of earl Gibbon; the earldom acquired through females; unknown earls; MacWilliam; Gilbert; Olaf. Orkney and Shetland Folk, (Viking Society, Old-lore Miscellany and reprint), A.W. Johnston. Orkney and Shetland, (Tudor); Ellar-holm. Orkney and Shetland Records, (Viking Society).