1. I have been out for a walk; I am feeling better. Univ. is "persons"; m = the Class of I's; x = persons who have been out for a walk; y = persons who are feeling better. ·---------------· ·-------· All m are x; | | | |(I)| | All m are y. | ·---|---· | |---|---| | |(I)|(O)| | | | | |---|---|---|---| ·-------· | |(O)|(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. Some x are y. | | | ·---------------· i.e. Somebody, who has been out for a walk, is feeling better. pg139 2. No one has read the letter but John; No one, who has _not_ read it, knows what it is about. Univ. is "persons"; m = persons who have read the letter; x = the Class of Johns; y = persons who know what the letter is about. ·---------------· ·-------· No x' are m; |(O) | | | | | No m' are y. | ·---|---· | |---|---| | | | | | |(O)| | |---|---|---|---| ·-------· | |(O)|(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. No x' are y. |(O) | | ·---------------· i.e. No one, but John, knows what the letter is about. 3. Those who are not old like walking; You and I are young. Univ. is "persons"; m = old; x = persons who like walking; y = you and I. ·---------------· ·-------· All m' are x; |(I) | | |(I)| | All y are m'. | ·---|---· | |---|---| | |(O)| | | |(O)| | |---|---|---|---| ·-------· | |(O)| | | | ·---|---· | .'. All y are x. |(O) | (O)| ·---------------· i.e. You and I like walking. 4. Your course is always honest; Your course is always the best policy. Univ. is "courses"; m = your; x = honest; y = courses which are the best policy. ·---------------· ·-------· All m are x; | | | |(I)| | All m are y. | ·---|---· | |---|---| | |(I)|(O)| | | | | |---|---|---|---| ·-------· | |(O)|(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. Some x are y. | | | ·---------------· i.e. Honesty is sometimes the best policy. 5. No fat creatures run well; Some greyhounds run well. Univ. is "creatures"; m = creatures that run well; x = fat; y = greyhounds.