·---------------· ·-------· |(O) | | |(O)| | | ·---|---· | |---|---| No x are m; | |(O)|(O)| | |(I)| | All y are m. |---|---|---|---| ·-------· All y are x'. | |(I)| | | | ·---|---· | .'. All y are x'. |(O) | | ·---------------· Hence proposed Conclusion is right. 2. All dictionaries are useful; Useful books are valuable. Dictionaries are valuable. Univ. "books"; m = useful; x = dictionaries; y = valuable. ·---------------· ·-------· |(O) | (O)| |(I)|(O)| | ·---|---· | |---|---| All x are m; | |(I)|(O)| | | | | All m are y. |---|---|---|---| ·-------· All x are y. | | |(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. All x are y. | | | ·---------------· Hence proposed Conclusion is right. 3. No misers are unselfish; None but misers save egg-shells. No unselfish people save egg-shells. Univ. "people"; m = misers; x = selfish; y = people who save egg-shells. ·---------------· ·-------· |(O) | | | | | | ·---|---· | |---|---| No m are x'; | | | | | |(O)| | No m' are y. |---|---|---|---| ·-------· No x' are y. | |(O)|(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. No x' are y. |(O) | | ·---------------· Hence proposed Conclusion is right. pg145 4. Some epicures are ungenerous; All my uncles are generous. My uncles are not epicures. Univ. "persons"; m = generous; x = epicures; y = my uncles. ·---------------· ·-------· |(O) | (I)| | |(I)| | ·---|---· | |---|---| Some x are m'. | | | | | | | | All y are m. |---|(I)|---|---| ·-------· All y are x'. | | | | | | ·---|---· | .'. Some x are y'. |(O) | | ·---------------· Hence proposed Conclusion is wrong, the right one being "Some epicures are not uncles of mine." 5. Gold is heavy; Nothing but gold will silence him. Nothing light will silence him. Univ. "things"; m = gold; x = heavy; y = able to silence him. ·---------------· ·-------· |(O) | | | | | | ·---|---· | |---|---| All m are x; | | (I) | | |(O)| | No m' are y. |---|---|---|---| ·-------· No x' are y. | |(O)|(O)| | | ·---|---· | .'. No x' are y. |(O) | | ·---------------·