[Let us take, as an example, the Proposition "John is not well". This of course implies that there is an _Individual_, to whom the speaker refers when he mentions "John", and whom the listener _knows_ to be referred to. Hence the Class "men referred to by the speaker when he mentions 'John'" is a one-Member Class, and the Proposition is equivalent to "_All_ the men, who are referred to by the speaker when he mentions 'John', are not well."] Propositions are of two kinds, 'Propositions of Existence' and 'Propositions of Relation.' These shall be discussed separately. pg011 CHAPTER II. _PROPOSITIONS OF EXISTENCE._ A '=Proposition of Existence=', when in normal form, has, for its _Subject_, the Class "existing Things". Its Sign of Quantity is "Some" or "No". [Note that, though its Sign of Quantity tells us _how many_ existing Things are Members of its Predicate, it does _not_ tell us the _exact_ number: in fact, it only deals with _two_ numbers, which are, in ascending order, "0" and "1 or more."] It is called "a Proposition of Existence" because its effect is to assert the _Reality_ (i.e. the real _existence_), or else the _Imaginariness_, of its Predicate. [Thus, the Proposition "Some existing Things are honest men" asserts that the Class "honest men" is _Real_. This is the _normal_ form; but it may also be expressed in any one of the following forms:-- (1) "Honest men exist"; (2) "Some honest men exist"; (3) "The Class 'honest men' exists"; (4) "There are honest men"; (5) "There are some honest men". Similarly, the Proposition "No existing Things are men fifty feet high" asserts that the Class "men 50 feet high" is _Imaginary_. This is the _normal_ form; but it may also be expressed in any one of the following forms:-- (1) "Men 50 feet high do not exist"; (2) "No men 50 feet high exist"; (3) "The Class 'men 50 feet high' does not exist"; (4) "There are not any men 50 feet high"; (5) "There are no men 50 feet high."] pg012 CHAPTER III. _PROPOSITIONS OF RELATION._ § 1. _Introductory._ A =Proposition of Relation=, of the kind to be here discussed, has, for its Terms, two Specieses of the same Genus, such that each of the two Names conveys the idea of some Attribute _not_ conveyed by the other. [Thus, the Proposition "Some merchants are misers" is of the right kind, since "merchants" and "misers" are Specieses of the same Genus "men"; and since the Name "merchants" conveys the idea of the Attribute "mercantile", and the name "misers" the idea of the Attribute "miserly", each of which ideas is _not_ conveyed by the other Name.