Symbolic Logic

Name: Symbolic Logic
Author: Carroll, Lewis
Carroll, Lewis
Logic, Symbolic and mathematical
·---------------·
    |( )    |    ( )|
    |   ·---|---·   |
    |   |  (.)  |   |
    |---|---|---|---|
    |   |   |   |   |
    |   ·---|---·   |
    |       |       |
    ·---------------·

We know (see p. 18) that this is a _Double_ Proposition, and equivalent
to the _two_ Propositions "Some x are m" and "No x are m' ", each of
which we already know how to represent.

Similarly for the fifteen similar Propositions, in terms of x and m, or
of y and m.

These thirty-two Propositions of Relation are the only ones that we
shall have to represent on this Diagram.

The Reader should now get his genial friend to question him on the
following four Tables.

The Victim should have nothing before him but a blank Triliteral
Diagram, a Red Counter, and 2 Grey ones, with which he is to represent
the various Propositions named by the Inquisitor, _e.g._ "No y' are m",
"Some xm' exist", &c., &c.
                                                                   pg046
                              TABLE V.

    ·---------------------------------------------------------·
    | ·---------------·  Some xm exist    | ·---------------· |
    | |       |       |   = Some x are m  | |       |       | |
    | |   ·---|---·   |   = Some m are x  | |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |   |  (.)  |   |                   | |   |( )|( )|   | |
    | |---|---|---|---| ·-----------------· |---|---|---|---| |
    | |   |   |   |   | | No xm exist       |   |   |   |   | |
    | |   ·---|---·   | |  = No x are m     |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |       |       | |  = No m are x     |       |       | |
    | ·---------------· |                   ·---------------· |
    |---------------------------------------------------------|
    | ·---------------·  Some xm' exist   | ·---------------· |
    | |      (.)      |   = Some x are m' | |( )    |    ( )| |
    | |   ·---|---·   |   = Some m' are x | |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |   |   |   |   |                   | |   |   |   |   | |
    | |---|---|---|---| ·-----------------· |---|---|---|---| |
    | |   |   |   |   | | No xm' exist      |   |   |   |   | |
    | |   ·---|---·   | |  = No x are m'    |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |       |       | |  = No m' are x    |       |       | |
    | ·---------------· |                   ·---------------· |
    |---------------------------------------------------------|
    | ·---------------·  Some x'm exist   | ·---------------· |
    | |       |       |   = Some x' are m | |       |       | |
    | |   ·---|---·   |   = Some m are x' | |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |   |   |   |   |                   | |   |   |   |   | |
    | |---|---|---|---| ·-----------------· |---|---|---|---| |
    | |   |  (.)  |   | | No x'm exist      |   |( )|( )|   | |
    | |   ·---|---·   | |  = No x' are m    |   ·---|---·   | |
    | |       |       | |  = No m are x'    |       |       | |
    | ·---------------· |                   ·---------------· |
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Symbolic Logic

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