In the following texts, spirit and soul are distinguished from each other: _1 Thess. 5:23_—“_And the God of peace himself sanctify you wholly; and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved entire, without blame at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ_”; _Heb. 4:12_—“_For the word of God is living, and active, and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing even to the dividing of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and quick to discern the thoughts and intents of the heart._” Compare _1 Cor. 2:14_—“_Now the natural_ [Gr. “_psychical_”] _man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God_”; _15:44_—“_It is sown a natural_ [Gr. “_psychical_”] _body; it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural_ [Gr. “psychical”] _body, there is also a spiritual body_”; _Eph. 4:23_—“_that ye be renewed in the spirit of your mind_”; _Jude 19_—“_sensual_ [Gr. “_psychical_”], _having not the Spirit._” For the proper interpretation of these texts, see note on the next page. Among those who cite them as proofs of the trichotomous theory (trichotomous, from τρίχα, “in three parts,” and τέμνω, “to cut,” = composed of three parts, _i. e._, spirit, soul, and body) may be mentioned Olshausen, Opuscula, 134, and Com. on _1 Thess., 5:23_; Beck, Biblische Seelenlehre, 81; Delitzsch, Biblical Psychology, 117, 118; Göschel, in Herzog, Realencyclopädie, art.: Seele; also, art. by Auberlen: Geist des Menschen; Cremer, N. T. Lexicon, on πνεῦμα and ψυχή; Usteri, Paulin. Lehrbegriff, 384 _sq._; Neander, Planting and Training, 394; Van Oosterzee, Christian Dogmatics, 365, 366; Boardman, in Bap. Quarterly, 1:177, 325, 428; Heard, Tripartite Nature of Man, 62-114; Ellicott, Destiny of the Creature, 106-125. The element of truth in trichotomy is simply this, that man has a triplicity of endowment, in virtue of which the single soul has relations to matter, to self, and to God. The trichotomous theory, however, as it is ordinarily defined, endangers the unity and immateriality of our higher nature, by holding that man consists of three _substances_, or three component _parts_—body, soul and spirit—and that soul and spirit are as distinct from each other as are soul and body.