The advocates of this view differ among themselves as to the nature of the ψυχή and its relation to the other elements of our being; some (as Delitzsch) holding that the ψυχή is an efflux of the πνεῦμα, distinct in substance, but not in essence, even as the divine Word is distinct from God, while yet he is God; others (as Göschel) regarding the ψυχή, not as a distinct substance, but as a resultant of the union of the πνεῦμα and the σῶμα. Still others (as Cremer) hold the ψυχή to be the subject of the personal life whose principle is the πνεῦμα. Heard, Tripartite Nature of Man, 103—“God is the Creator _ex traduce_ of the animal and intellectual part of every man.... Not so with the spirit.... It proceeds from God, not by creation, but by emanation.” We regard the trichotomous theory as untenable, not only for the reasons already urged in proof of the dichotomous theory, but from the following additional considerations: (_a_) Πνεῦμα, as well as ψυχή, is used of the brute creation. _Eccl. 3:21_—“_Who knoweth the spirit of man, whether it goeth_ [marg. “_that goeth_”] _upward, and the spirit of the beast, whether it goeth_ [marg. “_that goeth_”] _downward to the earth?_” _Rev. 16:3_—“_And the second poured out his bowl into the sea; and it became blood, as of a dead man; and every living soul died, even the things that were in the sea_” = the fish. (_b_) ψυχή is ascribed to Jehovah. _Amos 6:8_—“_The Lord Jehovah hath sworn by himself_” (lit. “_by his soul_”) LXX _42:1_—“_my chosen in whom my soul delighteth_”; _Jer. 9:9_—“_Shall I not visit them for these things? saith Jehovah; shall not my soul be avenged?_” _Heb. 10:38_—“_my righteous one shall live by faith: And if he shrink back, my soul hath no pleasure in him._” (_c_) The disembodied dead are called ψυχαί. _Rev. 6:9_—“_I saw underneath the altar the souls of them that had been slain for the word of God_”; _cf._ _20:4_—“_souls of them that had been beheaded._” (_d_) The highest exercises of religion are attributed to the ψυχή. _Mark 12:30_—“_thou shalt love the Lord thy God ... with all thy soul_”; _Luke 1:46_—“_My soul doth magnify the Lord_”; _Heb. 6:18, 19_—“_the hope set before us: which we have as an anchor of the soul_”; _James 1:21_—“_the implanted word, which is able to save your souls._” (_e_) To lose this ψυχή is to lose all. _Mark 8:36, 37_—“_For what doth it profit a man, to gain the whole world, and forfeit his life_ [or “_soul_,” ψυχή]? _For what should a man give in exchange for his life_ [or ‘_soul_,’ ψυχή]?” (_f_) The passages chiefly relied upon as supporting trichotomy may be better explained upon the view already indicated, that soul and spirit are not two distinct substances or parts, but that they designate the immaterial principle from different points of view.