Ladd, Philos. of Conduct, 70—“The feeling of the ought is primary, essential, unique; the judgments as to what one ought are the results of environment, education and reflection.” The sentiment of justice is not an inheritance of civilized man alone. No Indian was ever robbed of his lands or had his government allowance stolen from him who was not as keenly conscious of the wrong as in like circumstances we could conceive that a philosopher would be. The _oughtness_ of the ought is certainly intuitive; the _whyness_ of the ought (conformity to God) is possibly intuitive also; the _whatness_ of the ought is less certainly intuitive. Cutler, Beginnings of Ethics, 163, 164—“Intuition tells us _that_ we are obliged; _why_ we are obliged, and _what_ we are obliged to, we must learn elsewhere.” _Obligation_—that which is binding on a man; _ought_ is something owed; _duty_ is something due. The intuitive notion of duty (intellect) is matched by the sense of obligation (feeling). Bixby, Crisis in Morals, 203, 270—“All men have a sense of right,—of right to life, and contemporaneously perhaps, but certainly afterwards, of right to personal property. And my right implies duty in my neighbor to respect it. Then the sense of right becomes objective and impersonal. My neighbor’s duty to me implies my duty to him. I put myself in his place.” Bowne, Principles of Ethics, 156, 188—“First, the feeling of obligation, the idea of a right and a wrong with corresponding duties, is universal.... Secondly, there is a very general agreement in the formal principles of action, and largely in the virtues also, such as benevolence, justice, gratitude.... Whether we owe anything to our neighbor has never been a real question. The practical trouble has always lain in the other question: Who is my neighbor? Thirdly, the specific contents of the moral ideal are not fixed, but the direction in which the ideal lies is generally discernible.... We have in ethics the same fact as in intellect—a potentially infallible standard, with manifold errors in its apprehension and application. Lucretius held that degradation and paralysis of the moral nature result from religion. Many claim on the other hand that without religion morals would disappear from the earth.”