“Incentives come from the soul’s self: the rest avail not.” The same wind may drive two ships in opposite directions, according as they set their sails. The same external presentation may result in George Washington’s refusing, and Benedict Arnold’s accepting, the bribe to betray his country. Richard Lovelace of Canterbury: “Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage; Minds innocent and quiet take That for a hermitage.” Jonathan Edwards made motives to be _efficient_ causes, when they are only _final_ causes. We must not interpret motive as if it were locomotive. It is always a man’s fault when he becomes a drunkard: drink never takes to a man; the man takes to drink. Men who deny demerit are ready enough to claim merit. They hold others responsible, if not themselves. Bowne: “Pure arbitrariness and pure necessity are alike incompatible with reason. There must be a law of reason in the mind with which volition cannot tamper, and there must also be the power to determine ourselves accordingly.” Bowne, Principles of Ethics, 135—“If necessity is a universal thing, then the belief in freedom is also necessary. All grant freedom of thought, so that it is only executive freedom that is denied.” Bowne, Theory of Thought and Knowledge, 239-244—“Every system of philosophy must invoke freedom for the solution of the problem of error, or make shipwreck of reason itself.... Our faculties are made for truth, but they may be carelessly used, or wilfully misused, and thus error is born.... We need not only laws of thought, but self-control in accordance with them.” The will, in choosing _between_ motives, chooses _with_ a motive, namely, the motive chosen. Fairbairn, Philos. Christian Religion, 76—“While motives may be necessary, they need not necessitate. The will selects motives; motives do not select the will. Heredity and environment do not cancel freedom, they only condition it. Thought is transcendence as regards the phenomena of space; will is transcendence as regards the phenomena of time; this double transcendence involves the complete supernatural character of man.” New World, 1892:152—“It is not the character, but the self that has the character, to which the ultimate moral decision is due.” William Ernest Henly, Poems, 119—“It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul.”