A _change of direction_ of march is executed by wheeling or turning with the subordinate units toward the new front. (Par. 185 German I. D. R.). A _change of front_ is effected in the same manner. With long lines, echeloning and movements by the flank will result, which can only be rectified gradually by issuing appropriate orders. When skirmishers have been deployed in a wrong direction, or when a deployment in another direction becomes necessary after the conclusion of a combat, it is advisable to deploy a new line in the desired direction, from the closed bodies still available, and to withdraw, at the same time, those parts of the former skirmish line which are no longer necessary. Examples of Changes of Front. 1. Engagement at =Helmstedt=, on July 25th, 1866. The 20th Infantry had to deploy to its left rear after its successful attack on the Ütting Hill.[224] [224] _Geschichte des Regiments Nr. 20_, p. 54. 2. The battalions of the XIth Army Corps wheeling toward the =Niederwald= after crossing the Sauer (battle of =Wörth=).[225] [225] _Gen. St. W._, I, p. 254, sketch p. 262. 3. The wheel executed by Kottwitz’ Brigade during the battle of =Loigny-Poupry= (2nd Dec., 1870). (This is also cited as an example of the conduct of a counter-attack made by the defender). Toward noon the advance guard of the 17th Infantry Division held =Lumeau=. The 33rd Brigade, its battalions in double column, was concentrated south of =Champdoux=. The division commander retained two battalions as a reserve and ordered Major-General von Kottwitz “to execute a quarter wheel to the right and to form his command for attack in the general direction of Loigny,” for the purpose of relieving the pressure on the Bavarians defending =Schlosz Goury=. The attack was directed against the French Division Jauréguiberry, which was attacking Schlosz Goury. This division first came under fire at 3-400 m. and then approached to within about 150 m. of the defenders’ position; strong reserves followed in rear of its right flank, but otherwise nothing was done to protect the right.