A lens that has lost its transparency because of hardening in formaldehyde or boiling may be made clear and nearly transparent again in the following way: First: Place the lens in a 50 per cent. alcohol for several hours. Second: Remove the lens, and let it drain on a piece of blotting-paper; then place it in a 75 per cent. alcohol. Third: Remove the lens, as before, then place it in an 85 per cent. alcohol. The lens may be left in this alcohol from ten to twelve hours, after which length of time it should be removed and drained. Fourth: Place the lens in an absolute alcohol, and leave it there for ten or twelve hours. Several hours longer will not injure the lens, nor interfere with the success of the work. Fifth: Remove the lens from the absolute alcohol. Place it upon a piece of blotting-paper, moving it to another place on the blotting-paper whenever the paper around the lens seems to have taken up as much moisture as it can hold. Be sure that the lens has given up nearly all, if not all, moisture. “Running through the alcohols,” as this process is called, is for the purpose of dehydrating the tissue. It will be on the side of safety to let the lens lie exposed on the blotting-paper for an hour. Sometimes, if the capsule has not been removed, a small quantity of alcohol will remain between the lens and the inner surface of the capsule. This must be removed. It may be done by either puncturing the capsule with a pin or needle, and squeezing out the fluid, or by removing the capsule entirely. The latter is preferable. Now drop the lens into xylol. Benzine will answer, though it will not produce quite so clear a lens as the xylol does. At the end of 24 or 36 hours the softer cortex will show quite clear, while the harder nucleus will be still cloudy. At the end of a week the whole lens, if it is a small one--pig, calf, sheep--will have become quite clear and transparent; if from a beef eye it will take longer. It sometimes takes nearly two weeks. In the case of a boiled lens it will take much longer to clear; it may take a month. Cedar oil may also be used for the purpose of clarifying or “clearing” the lens. Harden in the usual way, run through the alcohols, and then place in cedar oil. The oil, however, will stain the lens a yellowish brown, and the lens will not be as transparent and clear as when xylol is used. [Illustration: Fig. 21. A. Lens hardened in formaldehyde. B. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, and cleared in xylol. C. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, and cleared in cedar oil. D. Boiled lens.] The longer a lens is left in either of these two clarifying fluids the harder and smaller it will become. At the end of a month or six weeks the lens will have become so hard that it can no longer be cut through with a knife. If it is desired to halve it, a scroll saw will be found to be the best thing to use for this purpose. (Fig. 21.)