_Elliptical nebulæ_ are well represented by the pair (M. 81 and 82)
about 2° E. of δ (22) Ursæ Majoris. They are separated by about 38′
of declination, so that they may be observed in the same field of a
low-power eyepiece. The preceding one is very bright and large (8′
by 2′). The following one is a ray or streak of nebulosity (7′ by
3/4′). On May 21, 1871, the great Rosse telescope showed the latter
as a most extraordinary object, at least 10′ in length and crossed by
several dark bands. Roberts photographed these nebulæ on March 31,
1889. “The negative shows that the nucleus [of M. 81], which has not a
well-defined boundary, is surrounded by rings of nebulous or meteoric
matter, and that the outermost rings are discontinuous in the N.p.
and S.f. directions.” M. 82 is “probably a nebula seen edgeways, with
several nuclei of a nebulous character involved, and the rifts and
attenuated places in it are the divisions of the rings that would be
visible as such if we could photograph the nebula from the direction
perpendicular to its plane” (‘Monthly Notices,’ vol. xlix. p. 363).
This fine pair may be easily picked up in a small instrument. Another
grand object of this class (discovered by Caroline Herschel in 1783)
lies in R.A. 0^h 42^m·2, Dec.-25° 54′, between the stars β Ceti and α
Sculptoris.
_Globular clusters_ furnish us with many examples of easily resolved
and richly condensed balls of stars. M. 3 (discovered by Messier),
M. 5 (discovered by G. Kirch), and M. 13 (discovered by Halley) may
be selected as amongst the finest of these objects in the northern
hemisphere. They are severally visible to the naked eye, and may be
found in a telescope directed as follows:—M. 3, between Arcturus and
Cor. Caroli, and nearer the former; M. 5, 7° S.W. of α Serpentis and
close to the double star 5 Serpentis; M. 13, one third the distance
from ζ to ζ Herculis. They are brilliant objects from 5′ to 7′
diameter. With power 60 on my 10-inch reflector they are spangled with
stars, though not fully resolved. Smyth described M. 3 as consisting of
about 1000 small stars, blazing splendidly towards the centre. Webb
hardly resolved it with a 3-7/10-inch refractor. Another fine object of
this class (M. 80) will be encountered midway between α and β Scorpii.
Sir W. Herschel described it as the richest and most compact group of
stars in the sky, and it is noteworthy from the fact that a new star
burst forth near its centre in 1860. There is a magnificent cluster,
involving ω Centauri, which Sir J. Herschel considered as “beyond all
comparison the richest and largest object of the kind in the heavens.”
It is visible to the naked eye as a 4th mag. star, but residents in
northern latitudes are precluded from a view of it. Pegasus also
supplies us with some fine clusters; Maraldi picked up two in 1746
(M. 2 and 15), and these will respectively be found 5° N. of β and 4°
W.N.W. of ε Pegasi. They are to be classed amongst the grandest objects
of their kind.
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