“The _Tsay-ee-kah,_ united in extraordinary session with the Petrograd Soviet and the Peasants’ Congress, confirms the Land and Peace decrees adopted by the second Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, and also the decree on Workers’ Control adopted by the _Tsay-ee-kah._ “The joint session of the _Tsay-ee-kah_ and the Peasants’ Congress expresses its firm conviction that the union of workers, soldiers and peasants, this fraternal union of all the workers and all exploited, will consolidate the power conquered by them, that it will take all revolutionary measures to hasten the passing of the power into the hands of the working-class in other countries, and that it will assure in this manner the lasting accomplishment of a just peace and the victory of Socialism.” (See App. XI, Sect. 2) APPENDIX TO CHAPTER I 1. _Oborontsi_—“Defenders.” All the “moderate” Socialist groups adopted or were given this name, because they consented to the continuation of the war under Allied leadership, on the ground that it was a war of National Defence. The Bolsheviki, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, the Mensheviki Internationalists (Martov’s faction), and the Social Democrats Internationalists (Gorky’s group) were in favour of forcing the Allies to declare democratic war-aims, and to offer peace to Germany on those terms…. 2. WAGES AND COST OF LIVING BEFORE AND DURING THE REVOLUTION The following tables of wages and costs were compiled, in October, 1917, by a joint Committee from the Moscow Chamber of Commerce and the Moscow section of the Ministry of Labour, and published in _Novaya Zhizn,_ October 26th, 1917: _Wages Per Day_—(_Rubles and kopeks_) _Trade_ _July_ 1914 _July_ 1916 _August_ 1917 Carpenter, Cabinet maker 1.60—2. 4. —6. 8.50 Terrassier 1.30—1.50 3. —3.50 Mason, plasterer 1.70—2.35 4. —6. 8. Painter, upholsterer 1.80—2.20 3. —5.50 8. Blacksmith 1. —2.25 4. —5. 8.50 Chimney sweep 1.50—2. 4. —5.50 7.50 Locksmith .90—2. 3.50—6. 9. Helper 1. —1.50 2.50—4.50 8. In spite of numerous stories of gigantic advances in wages immediately following the Revolution of March, 1917, these figures, which were published by the Ministry of Labour as characteristic of conditions all over Russia, show that wages did not rise immediately after the Revolution, but little by little. On an average, wages increased slightly more than 500 per cent…. But at the same time the value of the ruble fell to less than one-third its former purchasing power, and the cost of the necessities of life increased enormously.