From a photograph; looking north-east. THE DOME OF THE ROCK 160 From a photograph; looking north. THE TEMPLE WALL 182 From a sketch made by the Author in a chamber outside the west wall, near the north corner. GILGAL 199 From a sketch made by the Author on the spot; the view is north-west, over the Plain of Jericho. DEBIR 236 From a sketch by the Author; looking south-west. THE VALLEY OF MICHMASH _to face_ 256 From a photograph by Lieut. Kitchener, R.E.; looking east. ENGEDI 260 From a sketch by the Author; looking south. GATH 273 From a sketch by the Author; looking south-east. COLUMBARIA, NEAR BEIT JIBRÎN 275 From a photograph by Lieut. Kitchener, R.E. THE SEA OF GALILEE 289 From a water-colour sketch by the Author; looking north from Kaukab el Hawa. A DERWÎSH 298 From a sketch by the Author. COSTUMES OF MOSLEM PEASANTRY NEAR SHECHEM 315 From a sketch by the Author. MALE DANCERS 325 From a sketch by the Author. A BEDAWI WOMAN 336 From a coloured sketch by the Author. HAIFA 364 From a water-colour drawing by the Author. View from the shore west of the German Colony; looking east. INTRODUCTION. The Survey of Palestine was actually commenced at the end of the year 1871. Preliminary _reconnaissances_ of parts of Palestine had been previously made by Captain Anderson, R.E., and Captain Warren, R.E., and the Ordnance Survey of the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, with the line of levels from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, and from Jerusalem to Solomon’s Pools, had been executed by Major Wilson, R.E. It was by the advice of these experienced explorers that the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund undertook the Survey of Western Palestine, to the scale of one inch to the mile, the object being the complete examination of the whole country, with an amount of accuracy approaching that of Ordnance work. The officer to whom this great work was entrusted was Captain Stewart, R.E., and his staff consisted of Sergeant Black and Corporal Armstrong, R.E.; Mr. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake was also appointed as linguist and archæologist to the expedition.