Transcriber’s Notes: Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. TEXT-BOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY BY R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D., F.R.C.P.LOND., &c. PROFESSOR IN FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL; HONORARY PHYSICIAN, ROYAL INFIRMARY, LIVERPOOL; FORMERLY HONORARY PHYSICIAN, STANLEY HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT HONORARY PHYSICIAN, LIVERPOOL CHEST HOSPITAL, ETC. EIGHTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY MDCCCCXV PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE The present edition of _Forensic Medicine, Toxicology, and Public Health_ has been issued in two volumes; the first, on _Public Health_, written by Professor Hope, has been already published separately. Hitherto the subjects have been dealt with in a single volume under the title of Husband‘s _Forensic Medicine_, but as they are now being taught by different lecturers and in separate classes in most of the medical schools, it has been thought advisable to issue the work in two parts. This volume on _Forensic Medicine and Toxicology_ has been revised throughout, and certain alterations and additions have been made, whilst at the same time the view that the work is intended for students and junior practitioners has not been lost sight of. The author expresses his indebtedness to Dr. M‘Fall, Demonstrator of Toxicology in the University of Liverpool, for his assistance in revising the section on “Toxicology,” and also to the publishers for the compilation of the index. Apart from the general bibliography mentioned in the text, the works of Taylor and Stevenson, Dickson, Mann, Glaister, Petersen and Haynes, have been consulted. A plate, showing the centre of ossification in the lower epiphysis of the femur in a full time fœtus, has been introduced at the last moment, and will be found opposite page 64. References to the subject may also be found on pages 33 and 174. CONTENTS