_Treatment._ The general principles of treatment may be stated thus: 1st. Remove the cause of the hyperæmia if possible, especially any mechanical cause; 2d. Secure the influence of gravitation in favor of the return of blood to the heart; though not so available in animals as in man, it is of great value in congestions of the head, ears, tail, and to a less extent of other parts; 3d. Correct any fault of blood pressure, excess or deficiency, which may act so as to cause active or passive hyperæmia; 4th. Establish derivation by cupping, leeches, fomentations, pediluvia, sinapisms, etc.; 5th. Apply cold, astringents, bandages, to empty the hyperæmic vessels, or kneading, rubbing, or electricity, to hasten the flow of blood; 6th. To improve the quality of the blood and general health, in plethora by low diet, purgatives and diuretics, in anæmic or debilitated conditions by iron, bitters, nourishing food, fresh air, sunshine and exercise. It is especially important to check passive congestion in febrile diseases, and mechanical congestion at an early stage of its progress (Roberts). INFLAMMATION. PHLOGOSIS. PHLEGMASIA. Definitions. Relations to active hyperæmia. Redness. Heat. Pain. Swelling. Forms: in vascular tissues: in nonvascular. Changes in tissue elements. Death of cells. Cloudy swelling. Granular degeneration. Cell proliferation. Karyokinesis. Embryonic cells. Amœboid functions. Migration of leucocytes. Red cells escaping. Changes in innervation. Vaso-motor disorders. Fever. Changes in circulation. Contraction of capillaries, dilatation, rapid flow, tardy flow, stasis, oscillations, thrombus, collecting of white globules in periphery of current, migration of leucocytes, blood plates, and red globules, massing of red globules, exudation, softening of the capillary walls, nutrient artery more rigid and transmits more blood, heart contracts more forcibly, increase of fibrine, increase of waste products. Buffy coat, physiological causes. Microbes. Ptomaines. Toxins. Chemiotaxis. Phagocytosis. Polynuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. Exudates, unlike dropsies. Mucous exudate. Serous exudate. Fibrinous exudate. Blood exudations. Croupous exudation. Chyliform exudate. Results and Products. Resolution. Delitescence. Metastasis. New formations. Suppuration. Pus microbes. Pus. Healing by 1st intention. Healing by 2nd intention, granulation. Granule corpuscles. Interstitial neoplasia. Degenerations in lymph. Fatty degeneration, melanotic. Softening. Ulceration. Gangrene.