On close examination the nasal chambers are found to be narrowed, there is manifest thickening of the mucosa, and its surface feels rough and uneven, with miliary elevations. There is of course more or less glairy discharge. If the examination is made about midsummer, the finger introduced into the nose will usually detect the ends of twigs that have been introduced into the cavity and broken off. When withdrawn these may prove individually from four to eight inches long, and some force may be required to extract them. In winter these are often absent, having been apparently dropped one by one. The absence of these sources of irritation sufficiently accounts for the manifest improvement during the colder months. In spite however of the winter remissions the disease tends to a steady advance year by year. While nothing definite is known of its pathology, the occurrence of this disease in given localities, its manifestly local nature, and its persistence when once established would suggest enquiry as to the possible existence of parasitism, bacteridian or otherwise. Until further discovery treatment can only be of a general nature. Removal of the foreign bodies from the nose, pasturage where there is no brush to replace them, soiling when clean pastures cannot be found, and the use of astringent and antiseptic agents by insufflation or injection would be indicated. MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. Local causes. Debilitation. Polluted air. Poor diet. Symptoms, gastro-intestinal, fever, lachrymation, turbid aqueous, photophobia, congestion of mucosæ, generally disturbed circulation, breathing, depression, heat of forehead, buccal petechiæ, epithelial desquamation, abrasions, ulcers, abortion, albuminuria, local swellings, shedding of horns, dropsy, dyspnœa. Lesions, in nasal mucosa, subcutem, cerebral, dark blood. Prognosis. Treatment, antiphlogistic, laxative, diuretic, tonic, locally steam, antiseptic, astringent, trephining. This disease occurs chiefly in cold damp marshy localities where the vital power is impaired or in cold situations exposed to severe north and east winds. In the wet cold seasons of spring and autumn it is especially prevalent. According to _Rychner_ it rarely attacks old cows but prevails among young cows and oxen. In the south of France on the contrary it appears chiefly in the hot season (June and July) and is attributed to suppressed transpiration. It prevails especially however in herds kept in small filthy stables, low in the roof, hot, close and badly aired. (Festal). In New York it appears in cattle on black muck pastures and in Minnesota on the dried up ponds.