Spasm, pain, numbness—irritation. Paresis, paralysis, anæsthesia (constant)—destructive lesions. Both combined—variable symptoms, recurrent. Definite, fixed symptoms—structural lesions, usually progressive. Symptoms, variable as to place, time, subsidence and recurrence—functional lesions. Brain lesions. Pressure on brain—pain, spasm, nausea, dullness, blindness, stupor, coma, palsy. Congestion and anæmia synchronous. Lesions of cortex. Encephalic lesions—hemiplegia, with spasms, increased reflexes, spasms follow cranial nerves, vertigo, apoplexy, epilepsy, dementia, coma, little muscular atrophy, or dermal sloughing. Spinal lesions, paraplegia without spasm, reflex reduced or nil, follow spinal nerves, head symptoms less, much muscular atrophy, bed sores. Sensory and motor tracts, in crus cerebri, respiratory centres—inspiratory expiratory, inhibition. Salivation, sneezing, coughing, sucking, chewing, swallowing, vomiting. Cardiac centres, accelerating and inhibitory. Vaso-motor centre. Spasm centre. Perspiratory centre. Pons. Corpora quadrigemini, crura cerebri. Thalamus, corpus striatum. Cerebellum. Cerebral cortex: in ass; in dog. Spinal lesions: lateral half section: central anteroposterior, vertical section: superior columns: inferior columns: cervical lateral columns: respiratory tract: glycogenic centre: pupillary dilator: cardiac accelerator; vaso-motor, sudoriparous: centre for anal sphincter: for vesical sphincter: genital centre: vaso-motor and trophic centres: muscular sense tract: superior column and Goll’s. Table of phenomena from cord lesions. In =Irritation= of nervous organs the symptoms (spasm, pain, numbness) are usually _intermittent_. In =Destructive Lesions= of nervous organs the symptoms (paresis, paralysis, anæsthesia) are usually _constant_. When =irritation and destruction= are associated the symptoms are variable and frequent. The characteristic symptoms of the two may coexist or succeed each other. =Structural Nervous Lesions= have symptoms that are definite in their area of distribution, nature (spasm, paralysis) and permanency. _Objective Symptoms_ predominate and the case is likely to be progressive and fatal. =Functional Nervous Diseases= have symptoms of indefinite distribution, variable in character, with intermissions and spontaneous disappearances (as under marked excitement) and subjective symptoms predominate. They may, however, last for a length of time without change. Localisation of Brain Lesions. Lesions of the cranial nerves and their superficial and deep centres of origin need not here occupy attention. These may be studied in works on anatomy and physiology. Attention may be drawn rather to the remoter effects of ganglia which affect or control distant action, and to general pressure on the encephalon.