Color, yellow, red, brown; horse, ox, calf, sheep, goat, dog, cat, bird. In disease: pale yellow, with water in excess; deep yellow, red, brown with solids in excess, urobiline, biliverdin, hæmoglobin. Extraneous colors. Bilharzia. Translucency: Turbidity: horse, ruminants, carnivora, pig. In disease, horse, other animals. Consistency, viscous, stringy, tarry; odor, horse, dog, cat, ammoniacal, fœtid, drug odor. Specific gravity, estimate of solids; reaction, acid, alkaline, neutral; morbid chemical changes, sodium chloride, phosphate, alkaline, earthy, indican, urea, uric acid, hippuric acid, phenol, creatinin, acetone, oxalic acid, allantoin, xanthin, hypoxanthin, cyanuric acid, leucin, albumen, glucose, bile salts and pigments, blood, hæmoglobin, epithelium, pus, casts. =Color.= In estimating the color we must note the various shades of yellow, red and brown and compare these with the normal in different genera of animals, on different food and water, and in different conditions of health. Grades of color may be stated as follows: =Yellow=: Pale, clear and deep yellows. =Red=: Reddish yellow, yellowish red, and red. =Brown=: Brownish red, reddish brown and brownish black. =Color of Normal Urine.= This varies with the species of animal, food, quantity of water drunk, and time of retention in the bladder. =Horse=: Urine is normally clear yellow, brownish yellow, or deep citron yellow, and the color is deepened by rich and abundant food (excess of solids) and by exposure to the air (changes in pigments). It may be sulphur white and sedimentary from precipitation of CaCO_{2} when on green food. =Ox, Calf, Sheep and Goat=: Normal urine clear yellow to wine yellow. In the ox especially it is a pale straw tint, but varies to a deep brown on nitrogenous food (clover, peas, beans, cotton seed, lentils, pea or bean straw). Color may be due to indican and sometimes to indicanin or indigo blue, which explains the blue urine sometimes described. =Dog=: Normal urine is yellow, straw colored, aniline yellow, honey yellow, to brownish yellow in hot season or on dry nitrogenous food. Is always relatively deeper than in ruminants. =Cat=: Straw yellow to honey yellow, with variation as in the dog. =Pig=: Very pale yellow, more highly colored on dry feeding, nuts, peas, etc. =Birds=: White or yellow, sedimentary. Mixed with fæces in cloaca. =Color of Pathological Urine=: =Pale yellow= with excessive secretion glycosuria, polyuria, cryptogamic polyuria, chronic interstitial nephritis, under diuretics, or after excessive drinking. The free secretion of a crisis in a fever is pale yellow. =Deep yellow=, =deep red=, =deep brown color=, indicates excess of urinary pigment (urobiline) and is deepened by nitric acid. This is seen in all hyperthermias with suppressed or diminished secretion, in privation of water, or food. This urine is _acid_ even in herbivora.