=Yellow=, =saffron yellow=, =brownish yellow=, =greenish=, =olive=, =or brownish red= indicate the presence of bile pigments (biliverdin, bilirubin) as in jaundice or cholyuria. Bile salts should be tested for. A similar coloration may come from free consumption of carrots, or other yellow pigmentary matters. =Red=, =brownish red=, =blood red=, =or deep brown color= implies the presence of blood or blood coloring matter in the urine (hæmaturia, hæmoglobinuria). Exposed to the air this becomes brown or chocolate in ratio with the amount of blood or blood pigment present. Some such cases are complicated by blood clots. Color due to Foreign Constituents. =Bronze or black color= may come from injection of =phenic acid=. =Deep green or olive green= may come from =tar=, =carbolic acid=, =salol=, =creosote=, or =derivatives of benzine= taken in. =Brownish green= comes from =thallin= and reddens with iron chloride. =Brown or blood red= from =rhubarb= or =senna=. =Purple red from santonin=, if alkaline (if acid, is reddish yellow). =Red= from =madder= (it is alleged from indigo). =Yellow= from =carrots=. =Blue= (indigo blue) may occur in urine of horse or ox when exposed to the air. =Bluish green= will come from feeding =indigo=. =White or yellow color= will result from the presence of =pus=. =White, chylous urine= occurs with a hæmatozöon (=Bilharzia Crassa=) in the blood of cattle. =Translucency.= Urine may be passed clear and become turbid by standing. The presence of colloids hinders precipitation and prevents clearing. =Horse=: Urine is generally turbid, especially what has been long in the bladder, and that which is last passed. The turbidity is largely due to precipitation of calcium carbonate and bicarbonate, and increases on green food, or if the liquid stands exposed to the air and is cooled. Not unfrequently the salts are thrown down as fine spherical granules, or there may be a white pultaceous mass. They are sometimes entangled in extremely mobile cylindroid masses coming from the uriniferous tubes during convalescence from fevers or during fasting. A fine pellicle on the surface is normal in horse’s urine left in the air. =Ox, Sheep and Goat=: Urine is passed clear. May become turbid through the change of lime carbonate into bicarbonate in cattle but always more slowly than in the horse. =Carnivora=: Urine is passed clear but becomes turbid on decomposition, or if concentrated. With excess of fat in the food it may become opaque from floating oil globules, apart from the classic chyluria. =Pig=: Fed on raw fresh vegetables the urine is clear, but if on cooked or dried vegetables, and especially if nitrogenous, it may show opacity.