=Pathological=: The =horse’s= urine is limpid and acid in polyuria; limpid and alkaline or neutral with modified phosphates. It may be morbidly turbid from excess of lime phosphate or sulphate, urea or other acid salts, exudates, leucocytes or pus. These usually indicate nephritis. Mucus and muco-purulent exudate suggest pyelitis or pelvic nephritis. Blood elements indicate nephritis, cystitis or urethritis. Debris of kidney tissue may indicate tuberculosis; tumors, etc. Turbidity in =other animals= than solipeds is abnormal: examine the urine. =Consistency of Urine.= Morbid urine may be gluey, sizy, syrupy, mucous, oily. If a =horse’s= urine is scanty a =slight siziness= may be normal and due to tenacious mucus from the pelvis of the kidney, and from the solution of mucin and epithelium in the alkaline fluid. =Viscous=, =sizy=, =stringy=, and =tarry= (=pitchy=) urine is found in pyelitis, pyelo-nephritis, or cystic catarrh, but not in polyuria owing to the presence of the solvent acid. =Odor of Urine.= This is somewhat =aromatic= in =horse= and =ox=, =disagreeable= in the =dog=, and =repulsively heavy= in the =cat=. With polyuria the odor is less. If the urine has been =retained= and =fermented= it is =ammoniacal=, if there are =ulcers= or =tumors= it is =fœtid=, in =diabetes= it smells of =acetone=, after taking =turpentine= it has a =violet odor=, and after phenic acid, camphor, ether and other drugs it is variously modified. =Specific Gravity of Urine= in ratio to water 1000: Horse, 1020 to 1050 (1040) Ox, 1025 „ 1045 (1030) Sheep; Goat, 1015 „ 1065 (1040) Dog, 1020 „ 1060 (1040) Pig, 1005 „ 1015 (1010) Cat, 1020 „ 1040 (1030) In the horse the urine may be 1001 to 1010 in polyuria, in chronic interstitial nephritis, and in a crisis of fever attended by diuresis. It may be 1050 to 1060 in glycosuria. Undissolved solids that are merely suspended in the urine do not affect its density. A rough estimate of solids may be made by multiplying the last two figures of a specific gravity expressed in four figures by 2.33. The result approximates to the number of grammes of solids in 1000 cc. =Chemical Reaction of Urine.= The liquid is tested by litmus paper, red and blue, weakly impregnated. The normal reaction is determined by the food: the urine of =carnivora= and =sucking herbivora= is =acid= turning blue litmus red: the urine of =vegetable feeders= is _alkaline_ turning reds blue. In the =horse= the =alkalinity= is mainly due to excess of lime bicarbonate, passing, with standing, into lime carbonate, the carbon dioxide being derived from organic acids (lactic, malic, citric, etc.), by oxidation. The hippurates are also alkaline in reaction. In =dogs= the acidity is due to lime and soda phosphates, sulphates, urates and oxalates.