A more speedy removal of the habit of dread may often be secured by the principle of substitution. The mind of the animal does not readily attend to more than one matter at a time; if, therefore, we can distract the attention in another direction, the object of fear may be virtually ignored until the eye has become habituated to it, and it will be recognized as harmless. Thus it is that a twitch on the upper or lower lip, a binding of the chin in upon the breast by a Yankee bridle may make the horse temporarily heedless of the object of terror. So also in the bolting horse, the obstruction of the breath by a cord with a running noose around the neck, or the sending of an electric current through wire reins and bit will promptly check him in his wild career. The result is still better when the animal is made to feel his utter helplessness in the hands of man and the futility of any attempt to escape. On this are based the method of Rarey and of his various successors. With fore limbs strapped up, the animal soon exhausts himself in his efforts to disengage them and escape, and lies down completely reconciled to his fate. He may now be accustomed to his objects of terror—the opening and closing of an umbrella, or the waving of a flag over his head, the discharge of a gun close to his ear, the passing of car or locomotive, or any other object of his dread. When allowed to get up he will usually pay no further attention to these things, especially if patted and spoken to encouragingly, and perhaps fed apple or sugar, or something of which he is fond. As far as is consistent with the thoroughness of the subjection, the animal should be treated throughout with the greatest kindness, so as to retain and even increase his trust in man and sense of dependence, while at the same time he is strongly impressed with the futility of resistance to his will. After the animal has been thus taught to bear with equanimity his former objects of terror, he should not be at once allowed to forget them, but by daily experience he should be confirmed in the conviction that they are harmless, and may be met with safety. This should be carried out, if possible, in the hands of the bold and kind operator who has trained him, as, if returned to a timid driver or rider, he may be easily led back into his former habits of blind terror. A similar and even easier resort is the process of turning as given under balking. Constant hard work, for a time, is an excellent form of accessory treatment, as the plethora developed by overfeeding and temporary idleness begets an irritability and impatience of control which is quite likely to beguile him into his old habits.