The supposed necessity of attributing gravitation to a “force”
attracting the planets towards the sun has arisen from the
determination to preserve Euclidean geometry at all costs. If we
suppose that our space is Euclidean, when in fact it is not, we shall
have to call in physics to rectify the errors of our geometry. We shall
find bodies not moving in what we insist upon regarding as straight
lines, and we shall demand a cause for this behavior. Eddington has
stated this matter with admirable lucidity. He supposes a physicist
who has assumed the formula for interval which is used in the special
theory of relativity—a formula which still supposes that the
observer’s space is Euclidean. He continues:
Since intervals can be compared by experimental
methods, he ought soon to discover that his
(formula for the interval) cannot be reconciled
with observational results, and so realize his
mistake. But the mind does not so readily get rid of
an obsession. It is more likely that our observer
will continue in his opinion, and attribute the
discrepancy of the observations to some influence
which is present and affects the behavior of his
test-bodies. He will, so to speak, introduce a
supernatural agency which he can blame for the
consequences of his mistake.... The name given to
any agency which causes deviation from uniform
motion in a straight line is _force_ according
to the Newtonian definition of force. Hence the
agency invoked through our observer’s mistake is
described as a “field of force.”... _A field of
force represents the discrepancy between the natural
geometry of a co-ordinate system and the abstract
geometry arbitrarily ascribed to it._[15]
[15] _Mathematical Theory of Relativity_, pp. 37-38. Italics in the
original.
If people were to learn to conceive the world in the new way, without
the old notion of “force,” it would alter not only their physical
imagination, but probably also their morals and politics. The latter
effect would be quite illogical, but is none the less probable on that
account. In Newton’s theory of the solar system, the sun seems like a
monarch whose behests the planets have to obey. In Einstein’s world
there is more individualism and less government than in Newton’s.
There is also far less hustle: we have seen that laziness is the
fundamental law of Einstein’s universe. The word “dynamic” has come to
mean, in newspaper language, “energetic and forceful”; but if it meant
“illustrating the principles of dynamics,” it ought to be applied to
the people in hot climates who sit under banana trees waiting for the
fruit to drop into their mouths. I hope that journalists, in future,
when they speak of a “dynamic personality,” will mean a person who
does what is least trouble at the moment, without thinking of remote
consequences. If I can contribute to this result, I shall not have
written in vain.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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