XVIII. A NEW VERSION OF THE PROBLEM _page_ 271 XIX. VORONTSOV AND HIS 'SURPLUS' 276 XX. NIKOLAYON 284 XXI. STRUVE'S 'THIRD PERSONS' AND 'THREE WORLD EMPIRES' 292 XXII. BULGAKOV AND HIS COMPLETION OF MARX'S ANALYSIS 298 XXIII. TUGAN BARANOVSKI AND HIS 'LACK OF PROPORTION' 311 XXIV. THE END OF RUSSIAN 'LEGALIST' MARXISM 324 SECTION THREE THE HISTORICAL CONDITIONS OF ACCUMULATION XXV. CONTRADICTIONS WITHIN THE DIAGRAM OF ENLARGED REPRODUCTION _page_ 329 XXVI. THE REPRODUCTION OF CAPITAL AND ITS SOCIAL SETTING 348 XXVII. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST NATURAL ECONOMY 368 XXVIII. THE INTRODUCTION OF COMMODITY ECONOMY 386 XXIX. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST PEASANT ECONOMY 395 XXX. INTERNATIONAL LOANS 419 XXXI. PROTECTIVE TARIFFS AND ACCUMULATION 446 XXXII. MILITARISM AS A PROVINCE OF ACCUMULATION 454 INDEX 469 TRANSLATOR'S NOTE This is an original translation not only of the main body of the work but also of a number of quotations from foreign authors. Page references thus usually indicate the original foreign sources. In so far as possible, however, I have availed myself of existing translations and have referred to the following standard works: Karl Marx: _Capital_, vol. i (transl. by Moore-Aveling, London, 1920); vol. ii (transl. by E. Untermann, Chicago, 1907); vol. iii (transl. by E. Untermann, Chicago, 1909) _The Poverty of Philosophy_ (translator's name not given, London, 1936). Sismondi's introduction to the second edition of _Nouveaux Principes_ is quoted from M. Mignet's translation of selected passages by Sismondi, entitled _Political Economy and the Philosophy of Government_, London, 1847. No English translation exists of Marx's _Theorien über den Mehrwert_. Unfortunately, not all the West European texts, and none of the Russian--except Engels' correspondence with Nikolayon--were accessible to me, and I regret having been unable to trace some quotations and check up on others. In such cases, the English version follows the German text and will at least bring out the point the author wanted to make. To save the reader grappling with unfamiliar concepts, I have converted foreign currencies and measures into their English equivalents, at the following rates: 20 _marks_--25 _francs_--$5--£1 (gold standard); 1 _hectare_--(roughly) 2·5 acres; 1 _kilometre_--5/8 mile.