It is thus Gallic Acid which passes out into the secretions, and exerts an astringent action at distant parts of the system. And as the Tannic Acid loses weight by the decomposition, it follows that a dose of Gallic Acid produces a greater effect as a medicine than an equal amount of the other. Thus one ascertained fact is cleared up by these chemical considerations, but other mysterious points remain still to be explained. Gallic Acid does not precipitate albumen, and is of little use as an Astringent when applied to external parts; but it is very efficacious when given internally. Tannic Acid, which is equivalent in composition to a combination of Gallic Acid with a saccharine matter, is a valuable external Astringent. A further chemical discovery has been made, which appears to bear upon these facts. M. Pelletier has found that a mixture of a solution of Gallic Acid with one of Gum will precipitate albumen, although neither of them will affect it separately.[43] Gum has the same composition as common sugar; and grape-sugar, or a material containing the same elements, is known to be continually forming in the blood. Thus it is likely that Gallic Acid may act along with this saccharine matter in the blood, and by this acquire chemically an astringent power, which it is not able to exert on external parts, because then isolated. But the saccharine matter is required in the system for special purposes, and thus Gallic Acid passes out into the secretions alone. It seems probable, when Tannic Acid is given, that it is not decomposed into its constituent parts until it has to be separated from the blood by the glands. These two compounds, and the vegetable substances that contain them, are used in diarrh[oe]a, and in all hæmorrhagic cases. To diminish sweating, Tannic is inferior to Sulphuric Acid; but to act as a remote Styptic, it is preferable to the other. Tannic and Gallic Acids diminish secretions generally; they are very useful in cases of hæmaturia, where Sulphuric Acid is all but useless. Creosote is a Sedative, and cannot be well given in such large doses as to act upon distant parts. In cases of hæmatemesis it acts topically on the surface of the stomach in a double way, diminishing the hæmorrhage by its astringent power over the vessels, and quieting the nervous irritation by which the vascular excitement is often maintained. In cancerous cases the bleeding can never be permanently stopped. This concludes the list of Astringent medicines.