CHAP. XLV.—RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES.—KINGSHIP.—UNITY OF EUROPE.—THE PAPACY.—LIBERAL THOUGHT.—INCREASED KNOWLEDGE.—ARTS.—LITERATURE.—COMMERCE—THE TURKISH POWER.—Growth of European Kingdoms.—Unity of Europe.—Prestige of the Papacy.—Lost Prestige of the Papacy.—Popular Liberty.—Arts.—Education.—Commerce.—Wealth.—Rise of Ottomans . . . 368 BIBLIOGRAPHY. I. PRINTED COLLECTIONS OF THE SOURCES OF THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES. The sources of the history of the crusades will be found collected in the following works, to which reference is made in the entries which follow: JACOBUS BONGARSIUS: Gesta Dei per Francos, sive orientalium expeditionum, et regni Francorum Hierosolimitani historia (ab a. 1095 ad 1420) a variis, sed illius ævi scriptoribus, litteris commendata; Hanoviæ [Hanau], 1611, fol. MARTIN BOUQUET: Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum scriptores. Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France; Paris, 1738-1876, 23 vols. FRANÇOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT: Collection des mémoires relatifs à l’histoire de France depuis la fondation de la monarchie française jusqu’au 13. siècle; Paris, 1823-35, 31 vols., 8vo. JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: I., Patrologiæ Latinæ, tom. i.-ccxxi. JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: II., Patrologiæ Græcæ, tom. i.-clxi. JACQUES PAUL MIGNE: III., Patrologiæ Græcæ Latine tantum editæ, tom. i.-lxxxi. Recueil des historiens des croisades, publié par les soins de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres; Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1841 sqq.; vol. xv., 1895. PAUL E. D. RIANT: Expéditions et pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre-Sainte au temps des croisades; Paris, Imprimerie Lainé et Havard, 1865-69, 2 vols. ( vol. ii. being tables). PAUL E. D. RIANT: Inventaire critique des lettres historiques des croisades, ... 786-1100; Paris, 1880 (in Archives de l’Orient latin, vol. i.; Paris, 1881). II. THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES. A. _Chronicles of Eye-witnesses._ ALBERT OF AIX (Albertus Aquensis): Historia Hierosolymitana. A.D. 1095-1121 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iv., pp. 265-713; and in Migne, Pat. Lat., clxvi., col. 389-716. French translation in Guizot, Collection, xx., xxi.). BALDRIC, Archbishop of Dol (Baldricus Andegavensis, later archiepiscopus Dolensis): Historiæ Hierosolymitanæ libri iv. A.D. 1095-99 (in Recueil. Hist. occid., iv., pp. 1-111; and in Migne, Pat. Lat., clxvi., col. 1057-1152). ANNA COMNENA: Alexiadis libri xv. A.D. 1069-1118 (in Recueilt] Histor. grecs, i., 2, pp. 65-179; and in Migne [Greek tex. and Latin translation], Pat. Græc. cxxxi., col. 79-1212. Latin translation also in Migne, Pat. Græc. Lat., lxviii., col. 903-1516).